conclusions according to the results, total direct medical costs for hcv patients in iran exceeded 12 billion ppp$ in (inf-rbv) treatment and 55 billion ppp$ in (peg-rbv). results average direct medical costs for the courses treated with conventional interferon plus ribavirin (inf-rbv) were 4,403 ppp$, and 20,010 ppp$ for peg-interferon plus ribavirin (peg-rbv) courses. there was an increase of...

background rapid virological response (rvr) strongly predicts sustained virological response (svr) in patients with chronic hepatitis c (chc), and abbreviates antiviral therapy in some patients. objectives to identify factors predicting virological relapse (vr) in chc patients who attained rvr. patients and methods medical records of 133 chc patients with an rvr after completing 24 weeks of ant...

to locate the genes controlling adaptability in bread wheat using ammi (additive main effect and multiplicative interaction) model, twenty-one substitution lines derived from the parents chinese spring (recipient) and chayan (donor) were used in a randomized complete block design with three replications in three different environments in the agricultural college of razi university, kermanshah, ...

Residual ridge resorption is most commonly seen in the mandible and its prosthodontic management is always a challenge to a general dentist. One of the methods of improving the retention, stability and support of such severly resorbed atrophic mandible is through proper impression technique. This article describes a modied putty wash technique for recording impression of atrophic mandible with...

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) plays key roles in sleep-wakefulness regulation. Evidence indicates that 5-HT2 receptors are involved mainly in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) regulation and respiratory control. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), and 5-HT(2C) receptor subtypes to NREMS and breathing during sleep, using 5-HT2 subtype-selective ligan...

Reaction of dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates 1a-c andpyrrole derivatives 2a-e in the presence of triphenylphosphite (TPP) was investigated and the effect of the pyrrole substitution was established. Diastereoselectivity is observed with pyrroles, 2a,b, yieldingphosphonate ester derivatives 3a-f and 4,and their relative configuration is determined by 1H/13C and 31</...

Brome mosaic virus (BMV), a positive-strand RNA virus in the alphavirus-like superfamily, encodes RNA replication proteins 1a and 2a. 1a contains a C-terminal helicase-like domain and an N-terminal domain implicated in viral RNA capping, and 2a contains a central polymerase-like domain. 1a and 2a colocalize in an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated replication complex that is the site of BMV-...

BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall. The A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) plays a central role in many antiinflammatory effects of adenosine. However, the role of A(2A)R in atherosclerosis is not clear. METHODS AND RESULTS The knockout of A(2A)R in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe(-/-)/A(2A)R(-/-)) mice led to an increase in body weight and levels o...

6-Carbethoxy-5-(3'-bromophenyl)-3-aryl-2-cyclohexenones 2a-j were obtained from the1-Aryl-3-(3'-bromophenyl)-2-propene-1-ones 1a-j by Micheal addition of ethyl acetoacetate, followed by internal Claisen condensation. Reaction of 2a-j with hydrazine hydrate afforded the corresponding 6-Aryl-4-(3'-bromophenyl)-3-oxo-2,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-indazoles 3a-j. The structures of newly synthesized compou...

The distribution and function of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT(2A)) receptor were investigated in the intestines of wild-type (5-HT(2A) +/+) and knockout (5-HT(2A) -/-) mice. In 5-HT(2A) +/+ mice, rats, and guinea pigs, 5-HT(2A) receptor immunoreactivity was found on circular and longitudinal smooth muscle cells, neurons, enterocytes, and Paneth cells. Muscular 5-HT(2A) receptors were concentra...