For a long time, natural killer (NK) cells were thought to be the only innate immune lymphoid population capable of responding to invading pathogens under the influence of changing environmental cues. In the last few years, an increasing amount of evidence has shown that a number of different innate lymphoid cell (ILC) populations found at mucosal sites rapidly respond to locally produced cytok...

This implies that the Bayes risk is 0. The Bayes risk of δπ(X) can be calculated as repeated expectation in two ways, r(π, δπ) = EθEX|θ(θ − δπ(X)) = EXEθ|X(θ − δπ(X)). Thus, conveniently choosing either EθEX|θ or EXEθ|X and using the properties of conditional expectation we have, r(π, δπ) = EθEX|θθ2 −EθEX|θθδπ(X)−EXEθ|Xθδπ(X) + EXEθ|Xδ2 π(X) = EθEX|θθ2 −Eθθ[EX|θδπ(X)]− EXδπ(X)Eθ|Xθ + EXEθ|Xδ2 π...

We call a subset of an ordinal λ recognizable if it is the unique subset x of λ for which some Turing machine with ordinal time and tape, which halts for all subsets of λ as input, halts with the final state 0. Equivalently, such a set is the unique subset x which satisfies a given Σ1 formula in L[x]. We prove several results about sets of ordinals recognizable from ordinal parameters by ordina...

The purpose of this paper is to provide an account of the epistemology and metaphysics of universe creation on a computer. The paper begins with F.J.Tipler’s argument that our experience is indistinguishable from the experience of someone embedded in a perfect computer simulation of our own universe, hence we cannot know whether or not we are part of such a computer program ourselves. Tipler’s ...