In conversations between native speakers, words such as ‘same’ and ‘identical’ do not usually cause much difficulty. We take it for granted that others use them with the same sense as we do. If it is unclear whether numerical or qualitative identity is intended, a brief gloss such as ‘one thing not two’ for the former or ‘exactly alike’ for the latter removes the unclarity. In this paper, numer...

In this paper, I point out the problems of the semantics of intensional transitive verbs (e.g.,“seek,” “worship,” and “imagine”) proposed by Graham Priest in his book Towards Non-Being (TNB). On the basis of noneism, a version of Meinongian theory of nonexistent objects, TNB basically takes an intensional transitive as representing a relation between an ordinary individual object and a (possibl...

This study examines how native language (L1) experience affects auditory–visual (AV) perception of nonnative (L2) speech. Korean, Mandarin and English perceivers were presented with English CV syllables containing fricatives with three places of articulation: labiodentals nonexistent in Korean, interdentals nonexistent in Korean and Mandarin, and alveolars occurring in all three L1s. The stimul...

Fundamental notions concerning absolute structure and absolute configuration, and their determination from single-crystal diffraction measurements, are presented and reviewed. A glossary of terms with definitions useful in this field is provided. For absolute structure and its determination, the separate but interacting influences of the structure and the inversion-distinguishing power of an X-...

Humic acids (HA) stimulate the growth of several plant species by regulating their hormonal and redox metabolisms. Nevertheless, studies on relationship with plant-associated microbiota are almost nonexistent. Here, we hypothesized that HA effect occurs in parallel regulation bacterial community. Rice was grown for 264 h nutrient solution supplied or not (80 mg L−1). Plant evaluated every 24 sa...