Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a global public health concern and is particularly serious in low- and middle-income countries. Widespread sexual violence and poverty, among other factors, increase the risk of infection in women, while currently available prevention methods are outside the control of most. This has driven the study of vaginal microbicides to prevent se...

The use of antimicrobials as growth promoters and disease prevention is being constantly reduced in several animal production systems, including the swine industry. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate effectiveness using acidifiers control Salmonella Typhimurium 65-day-old pigs by detecting pathogen organs at euthanasia. For this, 24 piglets were divided into two experimental groups consist...

The production of bovine slurry and its subsequent storage are significant sources ammonia (NH 3 ) greenhouse gases (GHGs). Chemical acidification manures has been shown to significantly reduce these emissions. Waste products, derived from food processing on-farm practices, may be used as “natural” acidifiers. However, the efficacy products in reducing pH any emissions unknown. Commercial “slur...

The banning of the use of antibiotics as feed additive has accelerated investigations of alternative feed additives in animal production. This experiment investigated the effect of pure citric acid or acidifier blend supplementation as substitute for antibiotic growth promoters on growth performance, fecal microbial count, and humoral immunity in weaned piglets challenged with Salmonella enteri...

Since the HIV-1 epidemic was first documented approximately 25 years ago, there has been an increased recognition that impacting the epidemic will require an emphasis on HIV prevention, including development of vaccines, male circumci-sion, preexposure prophylaxis, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. With the increased recognition that fem-inization of the epidemic has occurred an...

During the past 50 years, the livestock and poultry industries have developed in several areas including nutrition, genetics, engineering, management, and communications to maximizing the efficiency of growth performance and meat yield. Now these industries must focus more attention on how animal agriculture affects the environment and food safety. As in many other industries, the global paradi...

Protons migrate much faster than other ions through water, ice and water-lined membrane channels because they participate in hydrogen bonding and H/H20 exchange. Similarly, hydrogen bonding enables protons with amino, carbonyl, phosphoryl and sulfonyl residues to influence critically the charge, conformation and stability of proteins. Therefore, it is not surprising that regulation of proton co...