The three major mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways (ERK1/2, p38, and JNK/SAPK) are upstream regulators of the nuclear receptor superfamily (NRSF). These ligand-activated transcription factors divided into subclasses comprising receptors for endocrine hormones, metabolic compounds (e.g., vitamins, diet), xenobiotics, mediators released from host immune reactions such as tissue inju...

The zinc-activated channel (ZAC, nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee for Zinc Activated Channel) is a member of Cys-loop family that includes nicotinic ACh, 5-HT3, GABAA and strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors [2, 3, 5]. likely to exist homopentamer 4TM subunits form an intrinsic cation selective equipermeable Na+, K+ Cs+, but impermeable Ca2+ Mg2+ [5]. ZAC displays constitu...

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Acetylcholine Receptors [53]) are activated endogenous agonist acetylcholine. All five (M1-M5) mAChRs ubiquitously expressed in human body and therefore attractive targets for many disorders. Functionally, M1, M3, M5 preferentially couple to Gq/11 proteins, whilst M2 M4 predominantly Gi/o protei...

Abstract Stimulation of the innate immune system is crucial in both effective vaccinations and immunotherapies. This often achieved through adjuvants, molecules that usually activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) stimulate two signaling pathways: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer activated B-cells pathway (NF-κB) interferon regulatory factors (IRF). Here, we demonstrate ability t...

Bradykinin (or kinin) receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR subcommittee on (kinin) Receptors [92]) are activated endogenous peptides bradykinin (BK), [des-Arg9]bradykinin, Lys-BK (kallidin), [des-Arg10]kallidin, [Phospho-Ser6]-Bradykinin, T-kinin (Ile-Ser-BK), [Hyp3]bradykinin and Lys-[Hyp3]-bradykinin. Variation in pharmacology activity of B1 B2 receptor antagonists at species or...