introduction cities and neighborhoods in iran couldn’t adjust themselves to quick changes of the recent decades and have lost their quality in many aspects. due to poor planning and governance at the regional and urban design on physical function, rapid growth of large-scale migrations and inefficient policies and procedures in dealing with urban neighborhoods neglected urban neighborhoods as w...

In today’s world the business environment is experiencing the dramatic change in the field of computer networking. Global competitions have forced traditional and non-traditional organization to be more aggressively influence the technology for competitive advantage. But many organization have struggled to manage the changes in order accelerate time to market with new technology. Equipment manu...

Diversity of neighborhood amenities may promote the mobility of older adults. A 2010 community-based sample of 510 adults aged ≥65 years in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and geospatial data from the Esri Business Analyst database (Esri, Inc., Redlands, California) were used to assess associations of neighborhood amenity diversity with mobility. Neighborhoods were defined by census tract, and dive...

Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is associated to increased individual risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, the value of this association for causal inference is uncertain. Moreover, neighborhoods are often defined by available administrative boundaries without evaluating in which degree these boundaries embrace a relevant socio-geographical context that condition individual di...

An “odd-rule” cellular automaton (CA) is defined by specifying a neighborhood for each cell, with the rule that a cell turns ON if it is in the neighborhood of an odd number of ON cells at the previous generation, and otherwise turns OFF. We classify all the odd-rule CAs defined by neighborhoods which are subsets of a 3× 3 grid of square cells. There are 86 different CAs modulo trivial symmetri...

We examine the longitudinal fortunes of the poorest fifth of U.S. metropolitan neighborhoods, defined as those with 20 percent or higher poverty rates in 1980. We employ logistic regression to identify the factors correlated with 1980-1990 increases and decreases in poverty rates across these poor neighborhoods, and examine whether factors vary by predominant racial/ethnic composition. Regional...

The association between neighborhood built environment and cycling has received considerable attention in health literature over the last two decades, but different neighborhood definitions have been used and it is unclear which one is most appropriate. Administrative or fixed residential spatial units (e.g., home-buffer-based neighborhoods) are not necessarily representative for environmental ...