or independent promise. 3.4.3 Abstract Language The abstract section expresses the guarantor's irrevocable and certain promise to pay a sum of money upon compliance with stipulated conditions and within a certain term. Thus, the German banking forms of tender guarantees compiled by Stumpf and Ullrich state: the guarantor hereby undertakes irrevocably to pay the beneficiary, within a period of 1...

Health Coverage Tax Credits (HCTCs), created under the Trade Act of 2002, pay 65 percent of health insurance premiums for certain workers displaced by international trade and early retirees. These credits can be paid directly to insurers when monthly premiums are due, in advance of annual tax return filing. While HCTC administrative costs have fallen significantly since program start-ups, they ...

background equity of access to health and provider payment mechanism in healthcare is a worldwide debated. healthcare reforms are primarily designed to improve productivity, economic efficiency and quality of care; however, an appropriate reimbursement of healthcare providers for services offered to patients and marinating a robust payment mechanism are not elucidated yet. conclusions no single...

The article studied a special mechanism for the fulfillment of tax obligation in advance single payment and highlighted its essential features. It was concluded that this legal construction is advancing budget system. author analyzed distribution obligations by organizations, shortcomings impede effective application. procedure accounting on account also examined. found it impossible to exercis...

Strategies such as price, CSR, and service have an important impact on enterprises supply chains. This paper proposes a two-echelon dual-channel chain composed of manufacturer retailer. Considering the product pricing, CSR level, level in chain, this employs Stackelberg game to depict participants’ optimal decisions analyze influence explanatory variables decision with retailer’s payment method...

This paper investigates a food supply chain model consisting of the supplier, producer and multi-retailer deteriorating item under fully delay-in-payment partial advance payment scheme. The deterioration rate raw material is dependent on temperature other environmental factors with respect to time. Here, prepares after collecting from supplier then storing it in cold storage. refrigeration cost...

Abstract. We introduce the k-payment problem: given a total budget of N units, the problem is to represent this budget as a set of coins, so that any k exact payments of total value at most N can be made using k disjoint subsets of the coins. The goal is to minimize the number of coins for any given N and k, while allowing the actual payments to be made on-line, namely without the need to know ...

Micropayments (payments worth a few pennies) have numerous potential applications. A challenge in achieving them is that payment networks charge fees that are high compared to “micro” sums of money. Wheeler (1996) and Rivest (1997) proposed probabilistic payments as a technique to achieve micropayments: a merchant receives a macro-value payment with a given probability so that, in expectation, ...

Funding shortages are a persistent issue, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the problem tends to worsen cyclically. The market factoring invoice discounting aims address delays in payment commercial invoices. These involves sellers present unpaid invoices financial organizations, typically banks, who provide an advance payment. implementations of services without inter...

This paper presents an integrated imperfect production inventory model under two layer supply chain management. To ensure the orders, manufacturer convinces retailer to pay a percentage of purchasing cost prior replenish products and offers facilities such as (i) delay in payment on remaining part (ii) free transportation basis advance amount. Time dependent development is incurred maintain rel...