A method of underexpanded hypersonic viscous jets has been developed to acquire experimental aerodynamic data for simple-shape bodies (plates, wedges, disks, and others) in the transitional regime between free-molecular and continuum flow regimes. The kinetic, viscous, and nonequilibrium processes in the jets of He, Ar, N2, and CO2 under various experimental conditions have been analyzed by asy...

The diverse hummingbird family (Trochilidae) has unique adaptations for nectarivory, among which is the ability to sustain hover-feeding. As hummingbirds mainly feed while hovering, it is crucial to maintain this ability throughout the annual cycle-especially during flight-feather moult, in which wing area is reduced. To quantify the aerodynamic characteristics and flow mechanisms of a hummingb...