While most patients undergo orthognathic surgery for aesthetic purposes, aesthetic improvements are most often followed by postoperative functional complications. Therefore, patients must carefully decide whether their purpose of undergoing orthognathic surgery lies on the aesthetic side or the functional side. There is a wide variety of complications associated with orthognathic surgery. There...

Within the last years aesthetic surgery enjoys greater popularity and acceptance. One of the most frequently asked operations has been the aesthetic rhinoplasty. Hardly any other field of surgery is exposed to such a critical analysis than aesthetic rhinoplasty because the results are so obvious. According to the "International Society of Aesthetic Surgery" (ISAPS) over 980,000 cosmetic rhinopl...

Karan Chopra, MD, Kashyap K. Tadisina, BS, and W. Grant Stevens, MD aDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; bDivision of Plastic Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Md; cUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; and dMarina Plastic Surgery Associates and Sientra, Inc, Marina del Rey and...

THE PHYSICAL APPEARANCE of aged skin derives from a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic changes are largely genetically determined and include the effects of gravity (sagging), expression lines, and atrophy of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Extrinsic aging is related to environmental influences with sunlight being the most important, followed by smokingandchemicalexpo...