Key highlights: Tabular columns organized by anatomical abnormality include imaging findings and a summary of key clinical data that correlates to the images Congenital/developmental abnormalities, spinal deformities, and acquired pathologies in both children and adults Lesions organized by region including dural, intradural extramedullary, extra-dural, and sacrum More than 600 figures illustra...

Key highlights: Tabular columns organized by anatomical abnormality include imaging findings and a summary of key clinical data that correlates to the images Congenital/developmental abnormalities, spinal deformities, and acquired pathologies in both children and adults Lesions organized by region including dural, intradural extramedullary, extra-dural, and sacrum More than 600 figures illustra...

In this series we present a quiz about identification of salient and important anatomical landmarks present at a given level on the computed tomography (CT) image. The representative image is followed by further images showing examples of various commonly encountered pathologies that can be seen at this level in clinical practice. Readers are expected to identify highlighted structures in all t...

Abstract Purpose The aim of this guideline is to standardize the diagnosis and therapy recurrent miscarriage (RM) using evidence from recent literature. This done by consistent definitions, objective evaluations standardized treatment protocols. Methods When was compiled, special consideration given previous recommendations in prior versions European Society Human Reproduction Embryology, Royal...

non‑recurrent laryngeal nerve (nrln) is a rare anomaly which is reported in 0.3%‑0.8% of people on the right side and in 0.004% (extremely rare) on the left side. damage to this nerve during the surgical procedure may lead to severe iatrogenic morbidity and should therefore be prevented from being damaged. the best way to avoid this damage to the nerve is to identify the nerve with a systematic...

The clinical assessment of the weight-bearing foot during locomotion is normally based on subjective judgement rather than on quantitative measurement. Although anatomical abnormalities are often apparent at examination, the accurate assessment of an abnormality of function is more difficult to assess particularly if the abnormality is only apparent under dynamic loading conditions. The many dr...

U rinary tract infections (UTIs) are common, especially in women, and account for about 17 per 1000 GP consultations.1 Approximately one-third of women who have an initial UTI will have a recurrence, mostly in the absence of any anatomical abnormality of the urinary tract. Recurrences are much less common in children and men and suggest the presence of a predisposing abnormality. Recurrent UTI ...

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) is a series of rare neurologic disorders which happen with an underlying malignancy. It has various clinical symptoms proceding to the diagnosis of tumors. Although the abnormality of anti-neuronal antibodies is suggestive of PNS and tumors, there exist many false positive and false negative cases. The diagnosis of PNS is usually a challenge in clinic...

Echocardiography of the mitral valve in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy has revealed an abnormal pattern of movement. The abnormality is characteristic, readily recognized, and can be explained in anatomical and physiological terms. It consists of a sharp reopening of the valve during systole when it should normally remain in the fully closed position. This abnormal moveme...

BACKGROUND Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder resulting from an abnormality of copper metabolism. The excessive accumulation of copper in the brain induces an extrapyramidal syndrome. Oculomotor abnormalities occur in most extrapyramidal disorders but have rarely been studied in Wilson's disease. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ocular motility manifestations of Wilson's dis...