Colonization of the south-western European mountain ranges is suggested to have predominantly progressed from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards, but this hypothesis has never been tested in a statistical framework. Here, we test this hypothesis using Androsace vitaliana, a high elevation species with eight mostly allopatric subspecies, which is widely but disjunctly distributed across all major s...

Given several nonnegative matrices with a single pattern of allocation among their zero/nonzero elements, the average matrix should have same pattern, too. This is first tenet pattern-multiplicative (PMA) concept, while second one suggests multiplicative (or geometric) nature averaging. The original concept PMA was motivated by practice population models as tool to assess viability from long-te...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS High alpine environments are characterized by short growing seasons, stochastic climatic conditions and fluctuating pollinator visits. These conditions are rather unfavourable for sexual reproduction of flowering plants. Apomixis, asexual reproduction via seed, provides reproductive assurance without the need of pollinators and potentially accelerates seed development. There...

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s or UBC enzymes) play vital roles in plant development and combat various biotic and abiotic stresses. Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) is an important fruit tree in the subtropical region of Southeast Asia and Australia; however the characteristics of the UBC gene family in longan remain unknown. In this study, 40 D. longan UBC genes (DlUBCs), which were class...

Stellera chamaejasme L. (Thymelaeaceae) is widely distributed in Mongolia, Tibet and the northern parts of China. Its roots are commonly used as "Langdu", which is embodied in the Pharmacopoeia of the P.R. China (2010) as a toxic Traditional Chinese Medicine. It is claimed to have antivirus, antitumor and antibacterial properties in China and other Asian countries. Studies were carried out to c...

A new biflavanone (1) with a C-3/C-3" linkage, a new daphnane-type diterpene (2) acylated by an unsaturated fatty acid, and a new coumarin glycoside (3), along with six lignans, two phenylpropanoids, five flavonoids, two diterpenes, and three coumarins were isolated from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme L. (Thymelaeaceae). Elucidation of these secondary metabolites of S. chamaejasme L. supplie...

In this paper an approach is introduced that classifies not only single pixels but groups of pixels which represent already existing object geometry’s in a GIS database. This object structured classification result is than compared with the existing GIS objects and all objects are marked where the result of the classification is not the same as the object class of the object which is stored in ...

Under the tropical climate of Sarawak, Edaw longan trees can be induced to flower while flowering intensity of free-flowering Diamond longan can be improved by application of chemical agents such as potassium chlorate, sodium chlorate and 'Vita-min'. The use of sodium chlorate is recommended as it is easily available and the cheapest one to use. It can be applied as a soil drench at a rate of 1...