The public sewage (PS) and night soil mixed with johkasou sludge (JO) have similar chemical compositions; however, the concentrations of organic matter nitrogen compounds were different. We investigated microbial community rotating biological contactor (RBC) units treating PS JO, in which RBC was submerged liquor activated sludge. Here, we observed that compositions at phylum class levels betwe...

Neonatal erythrocytes (N-RBC) are different from adult erythrocytes (A-RBC). N-RBC are larger, less deformable, and undergo enhanced spontaneous and drug-induced endocytosis. The reticulocyte population of N-RBC is also different, consisting primarily of the youngest (R1) reticulocytes that are motile and capable of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Processes such as motility could require a contr...

1. The use of stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotopes ( δ 15 N and δ 13 C, respectively) to delineate trophic patterns in wild animals is common in ecology. Their utility as a tool for interpreting temporal change in diet due to seasonality, migration, climate change or species invasion depends upon an understanding of the rates at which stable isotopes incorporate from diet into animal tis...

A recently proposed streaming media file caching algorithm, called Resource Based Caching (RBC), considers the impact of both file size and required delivery bandwidth in making cache insertion and replacement decisions. Previous comparisons between RBC and the least-frequency-used (LFU) policy conclude that RBC provides a better byte hit ratio in the cache. This paper revisits this policy comp...

Mechanisms by which macrophages discriminate between "mature-self" and "senescent-self" were investigated using the human red blood cell (RBC) system as a model. Conditions simulating those encountered in situ were adhered to as closely as possible by using short term culture techniques and incubating with autologous macrophages and immunoglobulins (Ig). It was found that RBC aged in vitro were...

The notion that a substantial proportion of capillaries do not contain moving red blood cells (RBCs) in muscle at rest but are “recruited,” i.e., begin flowing with RBCs during contractions, is one basis for our present understanding of blood-muscle exchange during exercise (20, 28). This concept emanates, in part, from August Krogh, who showed that many capillaries in resting muscle did not co...

The notion that a substantial proportion of capillaries do not contain moving red blood cells (RBCs) in muscle at rest but are “recruited,” i.e., begin flowing with RBCs during contractions, is one basis for our present understanding of blood-muscle exchange during exercise (20, 28). This concept emanates, in part, from August Krogh, who showed that many capillaries in resting muscle did not co...

A major challenge in disease ecology is to understand how co-infecting parasite species interact. We manipulate in vivo resources and immunity to explain interactions between two rodent malaria parasites, Plasmodium chabaudi and P. yoelii. These species have analogous resource-use strategies to the human parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax: P. chabaudi and P. falciparum infect red bloo...

Chronic HIV-1 infection is associated with persistent viremia in most patients, but it remains unclear how free virus may survive the potential hostile effects of plasma. We investigated whether sites might exist on the surfaces of circulating blood cells for protection of infectious HIV-1 particles. Red blood cells (RBC) either from blood of uninfected normal individuals, or from blood obtaine...