The keeping of captive animals in zoos and aquariums has long been controversial. Many take freedom to be a crucial part animal welfare and, on these grounds, criticise all forms captivity as harmful welfare, regardless their provisions. Here, we analyse what it might mean for matter distinguishing between the role an intrinsic good, valued its own sake instrumental value arising from increased...

In animal production there are two core dimensions to environmental fit, one that centres on the capacity of the environment to meet an animal's needs and the other concerns the capacity of the animal to match or 'fit' the environment. Efforts to increase capacity in both of these dimensions can contribute substantially to the continuous improvement of animal welfare within different livestock ...