The administration of isoniazid (INH) has been proposed, evaluated and implemented to prevent tuberculosis (TB) disease among patients who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This strategy has been developed in communities where TB is highly endemic and at a time when antiretroviral (ARV) treatment was not, or was rarely available. Although INH prevention programmes were s...

Purpose of the study The Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) is an international collaborative operation which utilizes a prospective exposure-registration design to study antiretroviral (ARV) drug exposures during pregnancy. This study assessed the potential for human teratogenic risk of atazanavir (ATV), a protease inhibitor used to treat HIV infection in combination with other ARV agents...

According to 2011 Ethiopian demographic health survey, the overall national adult (age 15-49 years) HIV prevalence was 1.5% (1% among males and 1.9% among females) and 0.9% for SNNPR [4]. Introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy in 1996 has led to dramatic reductions in morbidity and mortality from HIV/AIDS [1,2]. In Ethiopia, the fee based and universal free access antiretroviral (AR...

Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has dramatically increased the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in subSaharan Africa, where up to 60% of TB patients are coinfected with HIV and each year 200,000 TB deaths are attributable to HIV coinfection. Now HIV threatens control of TB in Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America. Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs can prevent...

INTRODUCTION Antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance limits treatment choices, often necessitating the selection of drugs with less desirable pill burdens, toxicity profiles, drug interactions and dosing schedules, and may increase cost. We examine the impact of resistance on the cost of HIV care. METHODS All adult HIV-positive individuals newly referred for HIV care from 1 January 2007 to 1 Jan...

BACKGROUND Safety and effectiveness of efficacious antiretroviral (ARV) regimens beyond single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP) for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) have been demonstrated in well-controlled clinical studies or in secondary- and tertiary-level facilities in developing countries. This paper reports on implementation of and factors associated with efficacious ARV regimens...

This article examines the constraints of antiretroviral (ARV) uptake in the villages of Thamaga, Kumakwane, Mankgodi and Gakgatla which are in the Kweneng District of Botswana. The social interactionist approach and theories of health behaviour provided the theoretical basis of the study. Data were obtained by using interviewer-administered questionnaires which were applied to a sample of 145 r...

The availability of 24 antiretroviral (ARV) drugs within six distinct drug classes has transformed HIV-1 infection (AIDS) into a treatable chronic disease. However, the ability of HIV-1 to develop resistance to multiple classes continues to present challenges to the treatment of many ARV treatment-experienced patients. In this case report, we describe the response to ibalizumab, an investigatio...

A 6-year study sponsored by the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases determined that early administration of antiretroviral treatment (ARV) to HIV-infected people can reduce the risk of viral transmission to heterosexual partners by 96%. The study included 1763 couples in 9 countries, with 97% of the participants identified as heterosexual. Only 1 partner in each couple was ...

Over the past decade, significant advances have been made in the treatment of HIV-1 infection using both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Optimal prevention of the MTCT of HIV requires antiretroviral drugs (ARV) during pregnancy, during labor, and to the infant. ARVs reduce viral replication, lowering maternal plasma viral load and th...