Campylobacteriosis, like many human diseases, has its own ecology in which the propagation of human infection and disease depends on pathogen survival and finding new hosts in order to replicate and sustain the pathogen population. The complexity of this process, a process common to other enteric pathogens, has hampered control efforts. Many unknowns remain, resulting in a poorly understood dis...

The genus Nocardia includes more than 80 known species, with at least 33 of them related to human pathology [2,3]. It is an opportunistic pathogen, causing infection generally in immunosuppressed, mainly with long exposure to corticosteroids, transplanted or HIV positive patients. It has worldwide distribution and is very ubiquitous, being found in terrestrial and aquatic environments as well a...

Climate change has caused increasing Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections in areas unaffected by this pathogen. Water temperature is an important ecological factor. It consequently of high importance to follow V. aquatic environments and foods. The aim work was detect the presence Tigris River from eight different sites namely Malabadi Bridge, Fiskaya, Ongözlü Bağıvar, Pamukçay, Ambarçay, Seyrant...

The Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) is the causative agent of a complex infection present in wide range hosts. It pathogen that affects various orders species, including primates, cetaceans, and families carnivores. should be noted virus can transmitted to wildlife, aquatic carnivores, through contact with domestic canids. This route transmission increasingly common, due fact species invade habita...

This study aims to present comprehensive notes for the use of probiotics in aquaculture. Probiotics have been proven to be positive promoters of aquatic animal growth, survival and health. In aquaculture, intestines, gills, the skin mucus of aquatic animals, and habitats or even culture collections and commercial products, can be sources for acquiring appropriate probiotics, which have been ide...

A dietary deficiency in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and/or sterols can severely constrain growth and reproduction of invertebrate consumers. Single nutrients are potentially assigned to different physiological processes, for example to support defence mechanisms; therefore, lipid requirements of healthy and pathogen-challenged consumers might differ. In an oral exposure experiment, we e...

The endemic and seasonal nature of cholera depends upon the survival of Vibrio cholerae 01 in a viable but not necessarily culturable state in ecologic niches in aquatic environments during interepidemic periods. To understand the ecology of V. cholerae it is necessary to know which aquatic ecosystems can harbor it and thus contribute to the endemic presence of cholera in Latin America. This ar...

Buruli ulcer is a necrotizing skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans and associated with exposure to aquatic habitats. To assess possible transmission of M. ulcerans by aquatic biting insects, we conducted a field examination of biting water bugs (Hemiptera: Naucoridae, Belostomatidae, Nepidae) in 15 disease-endemic and 12 non-disease-endemic areas of Ghana, Africa. From collections of 2...

The mid-Holocene decline of eastern hemlock is widely viewed as the sole prehistorical example of an insect- or pathogen-mediated collapse of a North American tree species and has been extensively studied for insights into pest-host dynamics and the consequences to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of dominant-species removal. We report paleoecological evidence implicating climate as a major d...