In most hospitals in the United Kingdom and in many other countries, the provision of an artificial eye depends upon an exchange of information between an artificial eye fitter and an artificial eye manufacturer who may be situated some distance away and who, in most instances, does not see the patient. The centralization of manufacturing facilities may have some advantages and while, in genera...

The field of artificial life is enriching both the content and method of philosophy. One example of the impact of artificial life on the content of philosophy is the light it sheds on the perennial philosophical question of the nature of emergent pheonomena in general. Another second example is the way it highlights and promises to explain the suppleness of mental processes. Artificial life's c...

A fuzzy control system which is a typical system utilizing fuzzy model is mainly using the Max-Min CRI (Compositional Rule of Inference) method by Zadeh and Mamdani for fuzzy inference. But the Max-Min CRI method suffers from drawbacks including: error-prone weighting strategy, inefficient compositional rule of inference, and subjective formulation of membership functions. Because of these prob...

A method for linking any standard yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC) is described. YACs are introduced into the same cell and joined by mitotic recombination between the vector arms and the homologous sequence in a linking vector; several YACs can be recombined sequentially. The linking vectors also contain the beta-galactosidase gene as an expression reporter in mammalian cells.

This paper proposes a hybrid optimization method based on the fusion of the Simulated Annealing (SA) and Clonal Selection Algorithm (CSA), in which the SA is embedded in the CSA to enhance its search capability. The novel optimization algorithm is also employed to deal with several nonlinear benchmark functions as well as a practical engineering design problem. Simulation results demonstrate th...

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is one of the frequent side effects of radiotherapy of head and neck cancers, breast cancer, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is recommended to estimate the normal tissue complication probability of thyroid gland using radiobiological modeling during treatment planning. Moreover, the use of artificial neural network is also proposed as a new method for t...

the metal sheets play an important role in the mechanical design, particularly in the aerospace structures. the rivet connections are frequently used to connect these sheets. the riveting quality greatly influences the rupture of the rivet and the sheet. the various parameters affect the quality of this operation. in this paper, the optimization of the parameters contributing to the riveting qu...