background: inflammatory bowel disease, an autoimmune disease, has two clinical manifestations including crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis (uc). il-17 has been the target of intensive research in autoimmune diseases. the influence of toll like receptor 4 (tlr-4) gene polymorphisms on il-17 production has also been revealed in uc patients and tissue inflammation in mice. objectives: to inve...

Background: Mycetoma is a neglected tropical disease characterized by deformity and disabilities with various medical, health, socioeconomic impacts on the affected communities. The etiological factors associated have not been fully understood, however genetic predisposition inflammation are considered as risk factors. Toll like receptors (TLRs) key players in innate immune response play great ...

BACKGROUND A broad variety of natural environmental stimuli, genotypic influences and timing all contribute to expression of protective versus maladaptive immune responses and the resulting clinical outcomes in humans. The role of commonly co-segregating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile in this process remains highly controversia...

BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease, an autoimmune disease, has two clinical manifestations including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). IL-17 has been the target of intensive research in autoimmune diseases. The influence of Toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4) gene polymorphisms on IL-17 production has also been revealed in UC patients and tissue inflammation in mice. OBJECTIVES To inve...

Background & Aims: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is associated with peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Polymorphisms of the genes coding Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may influence the innate and adaptive immune responses and affect the susceptibility to H. pylori or the disease outcomes. But the details and association to different polymorphis...

OBJECTIVES Bacteria have long been suggested as aetiological factors in the genetically susceptible host in spondylarthropathies, including ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and reactive arthritis (ReA). Variability of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene has been shown to play a role in the inflammatory response to certain bacterial infections. We investigated whether TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile po...

The main purpose of this research was to analyze the relation of the genetic polymorphisms frequently expressed by antigen-presenting cells, erythrocytes and malaria susceptibility/resistance with the human malaria infection cases. The sample used consisted of 23 Plasmodium vivax (Pv)- and P. falciparum (Pf)-infected patients, and 21 healthy individuals as a control group, from the Baixo Amazon...

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in infants worldwide. It is recognized by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) in the innate immune response. Previous case-control studies reported the influence of TLR4 Asp299Gly, TLR4 Thr399Ile, and CD14 C-159T polymorphisms on the risk of severe RSV infection. However, a decisive...

Although innate immunity is crucial to pulmonary host defense and can initiate immune and inflammatory responses independent of adaptive immunity, it remains unstudied in the context of transplant rejection. To investigate the role of innate immunity in the development of allograft rejection, we assessed the impact of two functional polymorphisms in the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) associated wi...