Abstract Nagasawa has argued that the suffering associated with evolution presents a greater challenge to atheism than theism because evil is incompatible ‘existential optimism’ about world – seeing as an overall good place, and being thankful we exist. I argue even if was existential optimism in this way, no threat atheism. Moreover, it unclear how could on its own undermine optimism. Links be...

An explosion of recent research suggests that religious beliefs and behaviors are universal, arise from deep-seated cognitive mechanisms, and were favored by natural selection over human evolutionary history. However, if a propensity towards religious beliefs is a fundamental characteristic of human brains (as both by-product theorists and adaptationists agree), and/or an important ingredient o...

â â â â â  bashar b. burd's atheism: reality or politics? â  â seyyed mohammad javad moosavi bafrooi * â  â abstract â many historical events demand more reflection. one of such cases is bashshar b. burd about whom there are different opinions. some people believe that he was killed because of the accusation of being atheist. however, because of the following reasons, it seems that such a ...

Abstract The present paper analyzes Petrus van Maistricht’s (1630–1706) critique of Baruch Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise found in his Novitatum cartesianarum gangraena (1677). shows, first, that Mastricht regarded atheism as the inevitable outcome Cartesians’ denial philosophy’s subordination to theology. Second, Mastricht, refuting Spinoza, revised earlier Cartesianism. In previous ...

Savulescu maintains that our paper, which encourages clinicians to honour requests for "inappropriate treatment" is prejudicial to his atheistic beliefs, and therefore wrong. In this paper we clarify and expand on our ideas, and respond to his assertion that medicine, ethics and atheism are objective, rational and true, while religion is irrational and false.