Abstract The present study aimed at discovering the practices and strategies autonomous EFL learners pursue in their endeavor to master English. It thus set out in the Iranian context, with 60 EFL learners, both autonomous and non-autonomous, as participants. The gathered data through a questionnaire and an interview were subjected to content and descriptive analysis. The results showed that bo...

Abstract The present study aimed at discovering the practices and strategies autonomous EFL learners pursue in their endeavor to master English. It thus set out in the Iranian context, with 60 EFL learners, both autonomous and non-autonomous, as participants. The gathered data through a questionnaire and an interview were subjected to content and descriptive analysis. The results showed that bo...

We propose two distinct levels of learning for general autonomous intelligent agents. Level 1 consists of fixed architectural learning mechanisms that are innate and automatic. Level 2 consists of deliberate learning strategies that are controlled by the agent’s knowledge. We describe these levels and provide an example of their use in a task-learning agent. We also explore other potential leve...

Experiential learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. EL-based English learning is autonomous learning by nature which can be divided into six stages: experiencing, sharing, reflecting, theorizing, applying, and evaluating. This paper investigates the effective learning strategies applied in each stage, probes into the appropriate use of the...

Multiple conceptualizations of the interrelation between assessment and learning yield three notions of assessment: assessment of learning, assessment for learning, and assessment as learning. This paper aims at uncovering roles and obstacles of assessment for learning and assessment as learning in English language classrooms in Hong Kong. Grounded upon the theory of constructivism and the noti...

A BSTRACT Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithms provide powerful techniques for the construction of computing systems which are capable of adapting to non-stationary or incompletely specified operating environments. Unsupervised learning is of particular interest in such situations. This paper reports the results of empirical studies into the characteristics of standard and soft competitiv...

Peer assessment appeared in social constructionism theory since peer activity involves the joint construction of knowledge through discourse. This study focuses on one product that arises from peer-assessment activity: feedback peers. Besides, this linked and learners' autonomy language learning. Autonomous learning is regarded as a desirable goal an educational context. In exploring issue, use...