Mechanistic studies of axon growth during development are beneficial to the search for neuron-intrinsic regulators of axon regeneration. Here, we discovered that, in the developing neuron from rat, Akt signaling regulates axon growth and growth cone formation through phosphorylation of serine 14 (S14) on Inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2). This enhances Id2 protein stability by means of escape fr...

The developmental decrease of the intrinsic regenerative ability of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is associated with reduced activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in mature neurons such as retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). While mTOR activity is further decreased upon axonal injury, maintenance of its pre-injury level, for instance by genetic deletion of the phosphatase a...

Myelin is a potent inhibitor of axon regeneration, but has been viewed as just one of many factors that prevent regeneration after injury. So it comes as a surprise that immunization against myelin has been found to allow extensive axon regeneration after injury, without apparent autoimmune-induced demyelination.

Axon regeneration capacity often declines with age. One might assume that loss of regeneration is an obvious consequence of organismal aging. However, in the latest issue of Neuron, Byrne et al. (2014) demonstrate that regeneration ability and aging are regulated cell-autonomously within neurons, and can be decoupled.

the cellular therapy and nerve tissue engineering will probably become a major therapeutic strategy for promoting axonal growth through injured area in central nervous system and peripheral nervous system in the coming years. the stem cell carrier scaffolds in nerve tissue engineering resulted in strong survival of cells and suitable differentiation into neural cells, so this pathway should be ...

Clinical possibilities in many neurological conditions are limited by our current inability to correct structural damage to the nervous system, and treatments to prevent damage are also limited. Current research has produced promising treatments that promote neuroprotection, plasticity, axon regeneration, remyelination and cell replacement. As these treatments go through clinical trials and ent...

Anti-glycan/ganglioside antibodies are the most common immune effectors found in patients with Guillain-Barré Syndrome, which is a peripheral autoimmune neuropathy. We previously reported that disease-relevant anti-glycan autoantibodies inhibited axon regeneration, which echo the clinical association of these antibodies and poor recovery in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. However, the specific molecul...

The poor or lack of injured adult central nervous system (CNS) axon regeneration results in devastating consequences and poor functional recovery. The interplay between the intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributes to robust inhibition of axon regeneration of injured CNS neurons. The insufficient or lack of trophic support for injured neurons is considered as one of the major obstacles contri...

The failure of axon regeneration after CNS injury is due to an inadequate or inappropriate regenerative response from damaged CNS axons and to a CNS environment that inhibits regeneration. This inhibitory environment contains many molecules that promote axon growth as well as molecules that inhibit it, but the balance of activities in the damaged CNS does not favour the regeneration of adult CN...