The last decade has seen tremendous growth in cloud dynamical and microphysical models that are able to simulate storms and storm systems with very high spatial resolution, typically of the order of a few kilometers. The fairly realistic distributions of cloud and hydrometeor properties that these models generate has, in turn, led to a renewed interest in the three-dimensional microwave radiati...

Perception of visual stimuli improves with experience. For objects, learning is specific for the stimuli used during training. This is shown in perceptual learning paradigms in which visual perception is challenged by degrading the stimuli, e.g. by backward masking or adding simultaneous noise. We present the first study designed to investigate whether visual object learning is specific to the ...

Femtosecond laser-induced backward transfer of transparent photopolymers is demonstrated in the solid state, assisted by a digital micromirror spatial light modulator for producing shaped deposits. Through use of an absorbing silicon carrier substrate, we have been able to successfully transfer solid-phase material, with lateral dimensions as small as ~6 μm. In addition, a carrier of silicon in...

The mirrorless backward optical parametric oscillator (BOPO), where the signal and idler waves are propagating in opposite directions, will establish a distributed feedback mechanism and thus optical parametric oscillation without the need to apply mirrors or external feedback to the cavity. It has been recently demonstrated experimentally by exploiting the periodic poling technique in second-o...

We studied three-dimensional angular distributions and longitudinal momentum spectra of electrons ejected in transfer plus ionization (TI), i.e., the ejection of one and the capture of a second target electron, for ion-helium collisions. We observe a pronounced structure strongly focused opposite to the projectile beam direction, which we associate with a new correlated TI mechanism proposed re...

A theoretical analysis is presented of the problem of how distance-dependent electron transfer in photoinduced forward electron transfer followed by geminate backward electron transfer in liquid solution is re ̄ ected in the viscosity dependence of the magnetic ® eld e€ ect (MFE) on the e ciency of free radical formation u ce in such reactions. The stochastic Liouville equation formalism is emp...

in this paper, the effects of baffle on thermal characteristics of combined convection-radiation heat transfer in laminar flow adjacent to an inclined backward facing step (bfs) in a horizontal duct are investigated. a baffle is mounted on the top wall of channel downstream side of step. in this study, the fluid is treated as a gray, absorbing, emitting and scattering medium; therefore, in the ...

A promising approach to the effective utilization of wavelength division multiplexed networks is to transfer data on an on-demand basis using fast wavelength reservation. Data can then be transferred using the assigned wavelength channel. However, if wavelength reservation fails, the lightpath setup delay, which is defined as the time from when the data–transfer request arises at the source nod...

calibration transfer method is evaluated by transferring multivariate models between two equivalent near-infrared (NIR) analyzers for the prediction of A an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) in tablets. The method includes selecting a few representative samples, building a transformation relation, and standardizing spectra. Backward and forward transfer approaches are compared. A practical...

Collisional energy-transfer probability distribution functions of highly vibrationally excited molecules and the existence of supercollisions remain as the outstanding questions in the field of intermolecular energy transfer. In this investigation, collisional interactions between ground state Kr atoms and highly vibrationally excited azulene molecules (4.66 eV internal energy) were examined at...