documentary credit or letter of credit (lc) is one of the methods of payment in international commerce. the documentary credit is a binding commitment from the issuing bank to pay a sum of money to the beneficiary on certain conditions. the applicant needs to contract with an issuing bank to open a lc. the legal nature of such contract is a controversy issue and thus different opinions are brou...

Objective One of the most controversial issues related to human embryo is to determine the moment when the embryo is considered as a human being and acquires a moral status. Although personhood and moral status are frequently touched upon in medical ethics, they are considered interdisciplinary as concepts shaping the debate in Medical Law (Fiqh) since their consequences are influential in the ...

one effective method for improving the performance of supply chain is making coordination among members of supply chain. this paper studies the subject of coordination of supply chain by using an insurance contract. the supply chain consists of one-manufacturer and one-retailer that the retailer is faced with potential demand and returning of goods from customer. acceptance of goods returned is...

In dynamic change environments the concept of the psychological contracts is tested as organisations pursue more transactional relationships with their employees and as employees are encouraged to pursue protean careers. With such increased emphasis on self-serving personal and organisational strategies, one may question whether a ‘psychological contract’ continues to serve a useful purpose in ...

assistive technologies have always opened new horizons in human’s life, posed solutions to problems and brought relief and prosperity for human beings. iranian judicial authorities have recently recognized the importance of medical technologies. accordingly, iranian legal system has recognized surrogacy and a surrogacy contract seems unavoidable for surrogacy to be legally valid, socially accep...

In this paper by using numerical evaluation the effect of balancing drupes of water hammer on tunnels lining is considered. In case of not arrangment of these reservoirs, the tunnel lining will be damaged of cyclic powers of water hammer. In this research, function of balancing reservoir of water hammer on cover of tunnels to the barriers’ turbine is simulated by numerical methods and Plaxis 3D...

public hospitals can privatize management activities by contracting with a private organization or person to perform the work. management contract is a method which uses private sector for major government projects like hospitals. this review study evaluated management contract conditions in selected countries. we focused on services under contract, different forms of management contract, metho...