In an internal combustion engine, the heat energy approximately one third of total fuel input energy is converted to useful work. Since the exhaust gas temperature is not equal environmental temperature, so lot of heat energy lost with hot gases. Also heat energy is lost in cooling of engine. If we recovered heat energy which lost in cooling instead on crankshaft as useful work, then increase t...

The peri-wound skin has the potential to break down as a result of constant moisture exposure. Keeping the peri-wound skin intact has become a challenge for caregivers and patients alike. Traditionally, zinc oxide ointment or petrolatum preparations have been used as a protective barrier. These products are often messy and difficult to remove.This study compared the protective function and clin...

background: psychological and behavioral domains are important in coping with type ii diabetes. this study was conducted to assess supportive and coping obstacles in living with type ii diabetes among patients who visited hospitals affiliated to tehran university of medical sciences (tums). methods: this was a cross-sectional study with 600 subjects who participated in the study. data collectio...

Mammalian oocytes can reprogram somatic cells into a totipotent state enabling animal cloning through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). However, the majority of SCNT embryos fail to develop to term due to undefined reprogramming defects. Here, we identify histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) of donor cell genome as a major barrier for efficient reprogramming by SCNT. Comparative tra...

The optical transparency and high electron mobility of graphene make it an attractive material for photovoltaics. We present a field-effect solar cell using graphene to form a tunable junction barrier with an Earth-abundant and low cost zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) thin-film light absorber. Adding a semitransparent top electrostatic gate allows for tuning of the graphene Fermi level and hence the ene...

In this paper, we propose an extension of the so-called Iri-Imai method to solve constrained convex programming problems. The original Iri-Imai method is designed for linear programs and assumes that the optimal objective value of the optimization problem is known in advance. Zhang [18] extends the method for constrained convex optimization, but the optimum value is still assumed to be known in...

Results are reported on p-GaAs homojunction interfacial work function internal photoemission far infrared ~HIWIP FIR! detectors with a ;10 cm carbon doped single emitter and a barrier layer for three different barrier thicknesses. A remarkably high quantum efficiency with low dark current and an increased responsivity were observed for devices with 1-, 0.1-, and 4-mm-thick barrier regions. The ...

this paper proposes a new approach for assessing the efficiency of barriers and of barrier removals. Facing defences in depth organized by physical barriers implemented on the human-machine system or by immaterial barriers such as procedures to be applied, barrier removal is an intentional human error and consists in not respecting the existing barriers of the human-machine system. An approach ...

ELECT A compositionally step-graded (CSG) InGaN barrier is designed for the active region of c-plane blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs). High external quantum efficiencies of 45, 42, 39 and 36% are achieved at current densities of 100, 200, 300 and 400 A/cm, respectively. Compared with GaN barrier devices, LEDs with CSG InGaN barriers showed higher power, lower operating voltage and smaller wave...