Consider an agent (or expert system) with a knowledge base KB that includes statistical information (such as \90% of patients with jaundice have hepatitis"), rst-order information (\all patients with hepatitis have jaundice"), and default information (\patients with jaundice typically have a fever"). A doctor with such a KB may want to assign a degree of belief to an assertion ' such as \Eric h...

I argue that when we use ‘probability’ language in epistemic contexts—e.g., ask how probable some hypothesis is, given the evidence available to us—we are talking about degrees of support, rather than belief. The probability A B is mind-independent degree which supports A, not someone with as their believes or would should believe if they had evidence. My central argument degree-of-support inte...

In one of the first experiments about the use of NHST (Rosenthal and Gaito, 1963), researchers in psychology were asked expressions of degree of belief in the hypothesis of an effect as a function of the associated p levels and sample sizes. The authors emphasized a “cliff effect” for the .05 level for which the degree of belief was quite the same as for the .03 level, and came to the conclusio...

A fractional minimal cost flow problem under linear type belief degree based uncertainty is studied for the first time. This type of uncertainty is useful when no historical information of an uncertain event is available. The problem is crisped using an uncertain chance-constrained programming approach and its non-linear objective function is linearized by a variable changing approach. An illus...

Bayesian theory now incorporates a vast body of mathematical, statistical and computational techniques that are widely applied in a panoply of disciplines, from artificial intelligence to zoology. Yet Bayesians rarely agree on the basics, even on the question of what Bayesianism actually is. This book is about the basics — about the opportunities, questions and problems that face Bayesianism to...

This paper starts from the position that belief is primarily quantitative and not categorical, i.e. we generally assume the existence of various degrees of belief. This corresponds to the observation that most human beings experience belief as a matter of degree. We follow the usual convention that such degrees of belief are values in the [0, 1]-interval, including the two extreme cases 0 for “...

This paper shows that a unique and additive subjective belief can be derived from choice behavior that reveals Ellsberg-type ambiguity aversion. This belief is obtained as a component of a utility representation where subjective probabilities are contaminated by an exogenous information set. This representation delivers a parameter that is interpretable as a degree of the decision maker’s confi...

Introduction: The most important consequence of nephrogenic disease is the chronic renal failure and unfortunately, there is no significant program to improve the life quality of these patients. Although they need mental support as well as physical rehabilitation but all current endeavors focused on increasing their physical ability not the mental aspect. The aim of this study was to evaluat...

introduction: the most important consequence of nephrogenic disease is the chronic renal failure and unfortunately, there is no significant program to improve the life quality of these patients. although they need mental support as well as physical rehabilitation but all current endeavors focused on increasing their physical ability not the mental aspect. the aim of this study was to evaluate t...