ABSTRACT Healthcare policy, clinical practice and research all declare patient benefit as their avowed aim. Yet, the conceptual question of what exactly constitutes has received much less attention than practical means realising it. Currently, three key areas unclarity make achieved, real-world impact hard to quantify disconnect it from magnitude endeavour: (1) distinction between obje...

Where curb parking is overcrowded, drivers who are searching for a rare open space congest traffic, pollute the air, and produce carbon dioxide. To avoid these problems, some cities have established Parking Benefit Districts that charge market prices spend revenue to pay public services on metered blocks. A case study of Manhattan’s Upper West Side found charging currently unmetered spaces woul...