Retinoic acid (RA) is known to regulate definitive myelopoiesis but its role in vertebrate primitive myelopoiesis remains unclear. Here we report that zebrafish primitive myelopoiesis is restricted by RA in a dose dependent manner mainly before 11 hpf (hours post fertilization) when anterior hemangioblasts are initiated to form. RA treatment significantly reduces expressions of anterior hemangi...

We utilized olfactory-mediated chemotaxis in Caenorhabditis elegans to examine the effect of aging on information processing and animal behavior. Wild-type (N2) young adults (day 4) initially approach and eventually avoid a point source of benzaldehyde. Aged adult animals (day 7) showed a stronger initial approach and a delayed avoidance to benzaldehyde compared with young adults. This delayed ...

The volatile compounds, 2-phenylacetaldehyde and 2-phenylethanol, are important for the aroma and flavor of many foods, such as ripe tomato fruits, and are also major constituents of scent of many flowers, most notably roses. While much work has gone into elucidating the pathway for 2-phenylethanol synthesis in bacteria and yeast, the pathways for synthesis in plants are not well characterized....

The title compound, C(8)H(9)N(3)S, contains two mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. One mol-ecule is close to being planar (r.m.s. deviation from the mean plane = 0.06 Å for the non-H atoms), while the other exhibits a dihedral angle of 21.7 (1)° between the benzene ring and the mean plane of the thio-semicarbazone unit. Inter-molecular N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into layers parall...

Bacterial metabolism of Tyr and Phe has been associated with the formation of aromatic compounds that impart barny-utensil and floral off-flavors in cheese. In an effort to identify possible mechanisms for the origin of these compounds in Cheddar cheese, we investigated Tyr and Phe catabolism by Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus helveticus cheese flavor adjuncts under simulated Cheddar chee...

We describe the three-dimensional structure of sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase (SAD) from Populus tremuloides (aspen), a member of the NADP(H)-dependent dehydrogenase family that catalyzes the last reductive step in the formation of monolignols. The active site topology revealed by the crystal structure substantiates kinetic results indicating that SAD maintains highest specificity for the substr...

meldrum's acid, 2'5-diphenyl-1'3-dioxane-4'6-dione, was produced by [2+2] cycloadditions of the (chlorocarbony1)phenylketene with benzaldehyde. acid hydrolysis of the meldrum's acid regenerated benzaldehyde and also yielded phenylacetic acid as the final product

BACKGROUND Although the nucleophilic difluoromethylation of aldehydes, ketones, and imines has been realized with PhSO(2)CF(2)H and related reagents, there are still no reports on the enantioselective nucleophilic reactions. RESULTS With a chiral quaternary ammonium salt as the catalyst and KOH as the base, we describe the first enantioselective difluoromethylation of aromatic aldehydes with ...