Spinosad (spinosyn A and spinosyn D), the secondary metabolite produced by Saccharopolyspora spinosa, is a potent insecticide with low effects on environment mammals. Strategies such as metabolic engineering, mutagenesis fermentation process optimization have been employed for its production enhancement. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) one of preferred methods evaluati...

Selecting an appropriate reference gene is of crucial importance for improving the accuracy qRT-PCR analyses. In this study, strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) seedlings were subjected to different environmental conditions including heat, cold, drought, salt, white-light, blue-light, and red-light treatments. The expression levels seven candidate genes, Fa18S, FaGAPDH, FaPIRUV, FaDBP, FaHISTH4, FaA...

Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful technique for studying gene expression. The key to quantitative accuracy depends on the stability of reference genes used data normalization under different experimental conditions. Pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) causal agent devastating pine wilt disease (PWD). Extensive and prompt resear...

The miRNA, a kind of endogenous non-coding small RNA, plays an essential role in regulation gene expression plants. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay is one the most common methods used for quantification miRNA expression, and levels are normalized by comparing with reference genes. present study was intended to identify appropriate genes normalizing level various developmental stages ...

Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a method with high sensitivity and convenience that has been extensively used to analyze the expression level of target genes. A reference gene highly stable required ensure accuracy experimental results. However, report on appropriate genes in arrowheads (Sagittaria trifolia) still limited. In this study, eight candidate (ACT5, UBQ, GAPDH, CYP, NAC, IDH,...

Fusarium wilt (caused by oxysporum f. sp. Lilii) is one of the most damaging diseases in lily (Lilium sargentiae Wilson). Although some F. oxysporum-resistant varieties have been identified and are being utilized resistant breeding, regulation network resistance-associated mechanisms yet to be studied due lack reliable reference genes for qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR) normali...

Background: Serratia ureilytica DW2 is a highly efficient phosphate-solubilizing bacteria isolated from Codonopsis pilosula rhizosphere soil that can promote the growth of C. pilosula; nonetheless, until now, no validated reference genes genus have been reported be used for normalization quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR) data. Methods: To screen stable S. DW2, expressio...

Bifidobacterium animalis, one of the predominant bacteria in intestines humans and other mammals, is widely added to dairy products. We employed RNA sequencing analyze gene expression variance on a genome-wide scale found stable reference genes (RG) B. animalis. A total 1,665 were identified by analyzing data from transcriptome under 4 different conditions, 13 probable candidate RG with variati...

BACKGROUND It is common practice, when using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), to normalise levels of mRNA to reference gene mRNA which, by definition, should not vary between tissue, with any disease aetiology or after drug treatments. The complexity of human CNS means it unlikely that any gene could fulfil these criteria. METHODS To address this issue we measured leve...

Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a common method to analyze gene expression. Due differences in RNA quantity, quality, and reverse transcription efficiency between qRT-PCR samples, reference genes are used as internal standards normalize However, few universal genes, especially miRNAs, have been identified so far. Therefore, it essential identify that can be across ...