Abstract Tripartite efflux pumps built around ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are membrane protein machineries that perform vectorial export of a large variety drugs and virulence factors from Gram negative bacteria, using ATP-hydrolysis as energy source. Determining the number ATP molecules consumed per transport cycle is essential to understanding efficiency substrate transport. Using...

The A3B-type Lactosome comprised of poly(sarcosine)3-block-poly(l-lactic acid), a biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric nanomicelle, was reported to accumulate in tumors vivo via the enhanced permeability retention (EPR) effect. Recently, cellular uptake particles through incorporation cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), L7EB1. However, ability as drug delivery carrier has not been established....