most bladder tumors are epithelial in origin. nonepithelial cancers are rarely located in the bladder. sarcomas are the most common malignancies among nonepithelial cancers. primary bladder lymphoma is rare and mostly low grade. here, we have reported a case of diffuse large cell lymphoma of the bladder. the patient, a 64-year-old man, had urinary frequency for 18 months. abdominal sonography i...

Background: Appendicovesical fistula in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis is a rare condition. Although this situation is so rare it should be considered in the differential diagnosis, dealing with a patient with cystic fibrosis and chronic abdominal pain with no response to primary management. To the best of our knowledge, this is the third case of appendicovesical fistula in a patient w...

introduction: multiple fields and presence of heterogeneities create complex dose distributions that need three dimensional dosimetry. in this work, we investigated mr-based magic gel dosimetry as a three-dimensional dosimetry technique to measure the delivered dose to bladder and rectum in prostate radiation therapy. materials and methods: a heterogeneous slab phantom including bones was made....

background: medical x-rays are the largest man-made source of public exposure to ionizing radiation. it is important to avoid conditions where the amount of radiation used is more than that needed for the procedure. materials and methods: the entrance skin exposure (ese) measurement was conducted for quality control of x-ray machines and survey of operator’s experimental techniques. the eses we...

abstract   background: while the benefits of computed tomography (ct) are well known in accurate diagnosis, those benefits are not risk free. ct is a device with higher patient dose in comparison with other conventional radiological procedures. is the reduction of exposures by requiring optimization of ct procedures [a principle concern in radiological protection]? in this study, the radiation ...

Introduction: Gynecological malignancies present challenges in determining an appropriate volumetric dose due to the highly variable physiologic activity of the surrounding tissue. Because of the high doses used in brachytherapy, surrounding structures have the potential to move around in the dose region and receive unknown amounts of radiation. Calculating hotspot region from ...