We examined the influence of land use/land cover (LULC) on macroinvertebrate assemblages and environmental conditions in streams draining 18 small watersheds in the Southern Outer Piedmont ecoregion in Georgia, USA, over a 24-mo period of record. Specifically, we analyzed relationships among LULC categories (i.e., % impervious surface [IS], pasture, silviculture, and deciduous/evergreen forest)...

Glycoprotein D (gD) is the major structural protein of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV). It can induce both humoral and cellular immunity thus it is a preferable protein for IBR diagnostic reagent. Regarding to DNAstar analysis, the major antigenic region of the gD fragment was amplified by PCR using the IBRV genomic DNA as a template, and subsequenly constructed into the recombin...

Bovine ephemeral fever is an acute and arthropod-borne viral disease of cattle and water buffalo which occurs seasonally in most of the world tropical and subtropical regions. The epizootic feature of the disease has been reported in Iran with serious economic consequences. The surface glycoprotein G of bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is composed of 4 antigenic sites (G1-G4) and plays the m...

Culicoides is an important human and animal pest with great economic significance and a prime vector for various viruses like virus, virus, epizootic haemorrhagic disease, Akabane, Aino, Chuzan, and bovine ephemeral fever virus,Vesicularstomatitisvirus,EquineEncephalitisVirus (EEV),SchmallenbergVirus,protozoalike spp. and and Hepatocystis, avian Trypanosomes, Plasmodium in lizard and bird malar...

Observations of the epizootic of bovine ephemeral fever which occurred in Saudi Arabia during 1996 are presented. The investigations included the collection of epidemiological data from affected farms and the testing of sera for antibodies to the virus. The authors report a mean morbidity rate of 50% and a mean case fatality rate of 0.3%. Of the infected cattle, 4% were affected by recumbency, ...