BACKGROUND Approximate entropy, a measure of signal complexity and regularity, quantifies electroencephalogram changes during anesthesia. With increasing doses of anesthetics, burst-suppression patterns occur. Because of the high-frequency bursts, spectrally based parameters such as median electroencephalogram frequency and spectral edge frequency 95 do not decrease, incorrectly suggesting ligh...

The spinal network coordinating locomotion is comprised of a core of glutamate and glycine interneurons. This network is modulated by several transmitter systems including spinal GABA interneurons. The purpose of this study is to explore the contribution of GABAergic neurons to the regulation of locomotor burst frequency in the lamprey model. Using gabazine, a competitive GABAA antagonist more ...

Burst firing of dopaminergic neurons has been found to represent a particularly effective means of increasing dopamine release in terminal areas as well as activating immediate early genes in dopaminoceptive cells. Spontaneous burst firing is largely controlled by the level of activation of NMDA receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) as a consequence of glutamate released from afferents ...

The bursting properties of units recorded in globus pallidus and entopeduncular nucleus were studied in awake cats sitting quietly before and after ipsilateral excitotoxic striatal lesions. A computerized statistical procedure was used to identify and evaluate bursts in the recorded spike trains. Bursts were assigned a quantitative statistical measure of burst 'strength' (or improbability) - th...

Oxidative burst provides the mechanism for specialized phagocytes, such as granulocytes or monocytes, to kill invading microorganisms through generation of superoxide anions. However, the oxidants generated during the burst damage DNA of the phagocytes and neighboring cells. Human blood leukocytes treated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) are considered to represent the experimental model of...

The effect of Persian bee propolis and pollen extracts on innate immune response of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) was investigated. Fish were fed diets containing 1% Pollen, 1% propolis and combination of the two immune-stimulants (0.5% Pollen and 0.5% propolis) as treatment groups and fed without the two immune-stimulants as positive and negative control groups for 4 weeks. The effects ...

PURPOSE A topical synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitor (SIMP) has been reported to reduce the incidence of corneal ulcerations in the alkali-injured eye by the putative mechanism of collagenase inhibition. The current study was performed to determine whether SIMP has a direct inhibitory effect on the activation of neutrophils and to compare any such effect with that of citrate, a known inhibit...