Background: Environmental contamination with elevated levels of copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr 6+ ), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni)—all states which are found in Uganda—raises health risk to the public. Pb, Cr , Cd, Ni for instance generally considered nonessential cellular functions, notwithstanding importance oxidative state metals bioavailability. As s...