As these authors observe, the sentences in (1) and (2) are similar in both form and meaning. The truncated clefts in (1) look like the clefts in (2) minus the cleft clause, and in the right contexts, each of the sentences in (1) can be used with the meaning of the corresponding sentence in (2). Following a question like Who went to Hamburg?, (1b) can be used to convey what (2b) conveys, and fol...

The interpretation of adjective-noun pairs plays a crucial role in tasks such as recognizing textual entailment. Formal semantics often places adjectives into a taxonomy which should dictate adjectives’ entailment behavior when placed in adjective-noun compounds. However, we show experimentally that the behavior of subsective adjectives (e.g. red) versus non-subsective adjectives (e.g. fake) is...

This article provides a sketch of the historical antecedent to 11th century theory maqāṣid al-sharī‘a (the purposes law). I examine role human benefit (maṣlaḥa) within classical Shafi‘i school, focusing on 10th and centuries. show that law gave consideration central in interpretation scripture. is attested both texts legal (uṣūl al-fiqh) substantive (furū‘ al-fiqh). Importantly, also explain ho...