Dual income tax systems can suffer from income that shifts from progressively taxed labour income to capital income, which is taxed at a lower, flat rate. This paper empirically examines the 1993 Finnish dual income tax reform, which radically reduced the marginal tax rates on capital income for some, but not all, taxpayers. We measure how overall taxable income and the relative shares of capit...

Advanced thought and planning are required when preparing for podiatric surgery. In addition to appropriate procedure selection and follow-up, perioperative management has a key role in patient and physician satisfaction. Neglect of this aspect of podiatric care can also be a source of malpractice. This article analyzes many of the common medical treatments currently employed and makes recommen...

We propose a methodology useful for food services, allowing contribution margins to be optimized. This is based on statistical tools, inventory models and financial indicators. To reduce the gap between theory and practice, we apply this methodology to the case study of a Chilean company to show its potential. We conduct a real-world demand data analysis for perishable and non-perishable produc...

Risk-based capital adequacy requirements are the main tool employed by government regulators to assure bank stability. This approach allows banks to choose from a number of alternative methods for calculating the required capital. Many systems for measuring risk differ significantly in cost, precision, and in the potential “capital savings”. We develop a statistical model for evaluating risk me...

This paper shows that a small open economy, which suffers from involuntary unemployment, should levy a positive source-based tax on capital income. A revenue-neutral tax reform, which increases the capital tax rate and reduces the labour tax rate will induce firms to substitute labour for capital. Such a tax reform will lower marginal cost of production, increase output, reduce unemployment, an...

Recent relinements in the theory of the firm suggest that organization form may be sensitive not only to the rlegree to which assets are specific to a transaction but afso to the type of capital employed. This paper reports evidence regarding the relative influence of transaction-specilic investments in physical and human capital on the pattern of vertical integration using new data obtained di...

Do low fertility and population aging lead to economic decline if couples have fewer children, but invest more in each child? By addressing this question, this article extends previous work in which the authors show that population aging leads to an increased demand for wealth that can, under some conditions, lead to increased capital per worker and higher per capita consumption. This article i...

The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the global financial crisis on social capital formation in Malaysia in 2009. The results are based on data collected from survey of Malaysian low-income households carried out in January 2010. The study employed a multiplicity of econometric and statistical techniques to identify factors that influenced social capital declination, which appears ...

social capital has become an important subject in recent decade and is seriously considered in the physical and human capital, moreover, this complex, multi-faceted concept is one of the most important dynamic elements of social, cultural, economic concept in any society, organization and institution. in addition, one of the most important criteria to measure the degree of development of a coun...

In this paper, we examine the real options approach to capital budgeting in the presence of managerial adverse incentives. We show that real options have the potential to be value enhancing or value destroying depending on managerial incentives. We further examine the possibility of using a generic residual income based rule of managerial compensation to induce the proper investment incentives ...