Water quality in Hangzhou Bay is inferior (grade 5) because of discharged from Yangtze River and Qiantang River, factories around the bay. This study analyzed relationships between environment macrobenthic communities at 44 stations throughout Bay, based on samples collected 2006, 2016–2018, 2021. Long-term spatial temporal changed macrobenthos, influence secondary water fronts community compos...

A new species, Polymastigos javaensis n. sp., is described from sandy clay sediment (0-30 cm depth) of the Segara Anakan mangroves. The species is described based on the distribution of capillaries and hooks, and the form of the prostomium, thorax, abdomen, lateral organs, genital pores, branchiae and pygidium. Methyl green staining pattern was applied to examine the similarity between the mate...