For decades, humans have been consuming large quantities of oil, coal and natural gas. Consequently, people must now take responsibility for having participated in productive activities that have caused the emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) which has damaged the environment and caused problems associated with abnormal weather. Previous studies investigated the relationships between energy and c...

We construct a model of the stock of private cars in the Republic of Ireland. The model distinguishes cars by fuel, engine size and age. The modelled car stock is built up from a long history of data on sales, and calibrated to recent data on actual stock. We complement the data on the number of cars with data on fuel efficiency and distance driven – which together give fuel use and emissions –...

the process of economic globalization and integration has had a tremendous growth in recent years and the convergence of various economic sectors, including the financial markets is increasingly in the spotlight. this increasing trend has strengthened investors' interests in the subject of convergence among the world's stock markets and investors experimentally show a passion for unde...

BACKGROUND Changes in agricultural practices-notably changes in crop varieties, application of fertilizer and manure, rotation and tillage practices-influence how much and at what rate carbon is stored in, or released from, soils. Quantification of the impacts of land use on carbon stocks in sub-Saharan Africa is challenging because of the spatial heterogeneity of soil, climate, management cond...

This paper started research with the meaning of low-carbon economy and discussed its exerting significance in cities. Then combined with related standard definitions we constructed the city low-carbon economy evaluating index system from aspects of low-carbon production, low-carbon environment, low-carbon consumption and low-carbon policy. The following was to analyze the index system specifica...

The aim of this study was to investigate the asymmetric effects of exchange rate fluctuations on Stock index of Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, we first calculated the exchange rate fluctuations using model General Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (GARCH), and then the effect of these fluctuations on the Stock index of Tehran Stock Exchange was estimated using the Generalized...

Based on a comprehensive investigation on Chinese Stock Market and macroeconomic policies, analyzing samples of the SSE Composite Index and relevant monetary and fiscal policies during the period from January 2000 to June 2008, this paper uses GARCH-type models and EVIEWS5.1 software to study effects of changes in macroeconomic policy on conditional volatility of Chinese Stock Market and analyz...

Climate warming is likely inducing carbon loss from soils of northern ecosystems, but little evidence comes from large-scale observations. Here we used data from a repeated soil survey and remote sensing vegetation index to explore changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) stock on the Tibetan Plateau during the past two decades. Our results showed that SOC stock in the top 30 cm depth in alpine gra...

This paper presents a type-2 fuzzy rule based expert system to handle uncertainty in complex problems such as portfolio selection. In a type-2 fuzzy expert system both antecedent and consequent have type-2 membership function. This research uses indirect approach fuzzy modeling, where the rules are extracted automatically by implementing a clustering approach. For this purpose, a new cluster an...