In this issue of the Causal, Casual, and Curious column, I compare several ways of extracting information from post-treatment variables and call attention to some peculiar relationships among them. In particular, I contrast do-calculus conditioning with counterfactual conditioning and discuss their interpretations and scopes of applications. These relationships have come up in conversations wit...

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) provide a cost-effective way for securing communications using public and insecure networks like the Internet. The main purpose of a VPN is to securely and transparently connect two or more remote networks to form virtually a single network, using centralized security policies for better management and protection. However, in certain scenarios, users may not requ...

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) [1] allow individuals and business to create and maintain secure communication channels between their own local networks using public and insecure networks, like Internet, instead of private and leased lines. The main purpose of a VPN is to securely and transparently connect two or more remote networks to form virtually a single network. Network architectures def...

Background Association between casual and 24-h urinary sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio is well recognized, although it has not been validated in diverse demographic groups. Our aim was to assess utility across and within populations of casual urine to estimate 24-h urinary Na/K ratio using data from the INTERSALT Study. Methods The INTERSALT Study collected cross-sectional standardized data ...