Nutrition is an important component of social insect colony health especially in the face stressors such as parasitism and viral infections. Honey bees are known to preferentially select nectar pollen based on macronutrient phytochemical contents response pathogen loads. However, given that honey live colonies, collective foraging decisions may be impacted directly by forager infection status b...

Abstract The hygienic behavior in honey bees is a complex polygenic trait that serves as natural defense mechanism against bacterial and fungal brood diseases Varroa destructor mites infesting cells. aim of this study was to evaluate the effect dietary amino acids vitamins supplement “BEEWELL AminoPlus” on Apis mellifera colonies combating microsporidial viral infections. experiment performed d...

Call-by-push-value is a ”semantic machine code”, providing a set of simple primitives from which both the call-by-value and call-by-name paradigms are built. We present its operational semantics as a stack machine, suggesting a term judgement of stacks. We then see that CBPV, incorporating these stack terms, has a simple categorical semantics based on an adjunction between values and stacks. Th...

The health and vigour of honeybee colonies are threatened by numerous parasites (such as Varroa destructor and Nosema spp.) and pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa. Among honeybee pathogens, viruses are one of the major threats to the health and well-being of honeybees and cause serious concern for researchers and beekeepers. To tone down the threats posed by these invasive organis...

Deformed wing virus (DWV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), sacbrood virus (SBV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) and chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) are the most common RNA viruses in bee population worldwide. To determine the prevalence of these viruses in Apis cerana in Yunnan Province, China, 270 adult Eastern worker bee (A. cerana) samples have been collected fro...

Extreme winter losses of honey bee colonies are a major threat to beekeeping but the combinations of factors underlying colony loss remain debatable. We monitored colonies in two environments (colonies wintered indoors or outdoors) and characterized the effects of two parasitic mites, seven viruses, and Nosema on honey bee colony mortality and population loss over winter. Samples were collected...