BACKGROUND Reduced yields of ethanol due to bacterial contamination in fermentation cultures weaken the economics of biofuel production. Lactic acid bacteria are considered the most problematic, and surveys of commercial fuel ethanol facilities have found that species of Lactobacillus are predominant. Bacteriophage lytic enzymes are peptidoglycan hydrolases that can degrade the Gram positive ce...

In this study, we explored the pathogenic effects of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and effects of yeast cell wall in the red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, by investigating the activity of enzymes related to innate immune function following artificial infection of immunized and non-immunized crayfish. Our results reveal that the activity of four enzymes, phenoloxidase (PO), peroxidas...

In this study, we explored the pathogenic effects of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and effects of yeast cell wall in the red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, by investigating the activity of enzymes related to innate immune function following artificial infection of immunized and non-immunized crayfish. Our results reveal that the activity of four enzymes, phenoloxidase (PO), peroxidas...

Lysozymes are well-known antibacterial enzymes that mainly target the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall. Animal lysozymes categorized as g-type, c-type, and i-type based on protein sequence structural differences. In this study, c-type (AcLysC) g-like-type (AcLysG-like) from Amphiprion clarkii were characterized in silico via expressional functional approaches. According to analysis, o...

There is a pressing need to develop novel antibacterial agents given the widespread antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria and the low specificity of the drugs available. Endolysins are antibacterial proteins that are produced by bacteriophage-infected cells to digest the bacterial cell wall for phage progeny release at the end of the lytic cycle. These highly efficient enzymes show a ...

A family of 11 lytic transglycosylases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic human pathogen, turn over the polymeric bacterial cell wall in the course of its recycling, repair, and maturation. The functions of these enzymes are not fully understood. We disclose herein that SltB3 of P. aeruginosa is an exolytic lytic transglycosylase. We characterize its reaction and its products by the us...

UNLABELLED The prominent host muramidase lysozyme cleaves bacterial peptidoglycan (PG), and the enzyme is abundant in mucosal secretions. The lytic enzyme susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria and mechanisms they use to thwart lytic enzyme activity are poorly studied. We previously characterized a Helicobacter pylori PG modification enzyme, an N-deacetylase (PgdA) involved in lysozyme resist...

Enzymatic oxidation of cell wall polysaccharides by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) plays a pivotal role in the degradation of plant biomass. While experiments have shown that LPMOs are copper dependent enzymes requiring an electron donor, the mechanism and origin of the electron supply in biological systems are only partly understood. We show here that insoluble high molecular weig...

Infectious diseases currently kill more than 15 million people annually, and the WHO estimates that every year 1.6 million people die from pneumococcal diseases. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), a bacterium with a long biological pedigree, best illustrates the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance, which has led to major public health concern. This article discusses the molecular bas...