Biological warfare agents were one of the most feared classes of weapons that coalition troops believed Iraq might use against them. Biologic agents can either be sufficiently toxic that they kill their victims quickly, or they may induce a sufficient degree of acute disability that troops cannot fight effectively or defend themselves against an attack. The Centers for Disease Control and Preve...

E. Anders Eriksson is a Senior Analyst with the Defence Research Establishment (FOA), Stockholm, Sweden, specializing in technology and innovation and their relationship to national security and other public goods. Dr. Eriksson has a Ph.D. in Operations Research from the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author, and do not represent the...

Dr. Khripunov was in the Soviet Foreign Service until 1992 and participated in negotiating several arms control agreements. He is now Associate Director of the Center for International Trade and Security at the University of Georgia. Dr. Parshall was Director of Chemical Science in the Central Research Department of the DuPont Company until his retirement in 1992. Since then he has worked on Na...

Abstract The obligation to legally review weapons, means and methods of warfare has been identified by the Group Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in Area Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems as one its Guiding Principles. Despite calls share practical measures processes undertake this review, national practice remains opaque fragmented. This article describes traditional weapons proce...

BACKGROUND Iraq used chemical weapons extensively against the Iranians during the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988). The aim of this study was to assess the health related quality of life (HRQOL) in people who had ophthalmologic complications due to the sulfur mustard gas exposure during the war. METHODS The Veterans and Martyrs Affair Foundation (VMAF) database indicated that there were 196 patients...

Chemical warfare agents are toxic weapons and emergency prehospital medical care providers should be well prepared, trained, and equipped to give response. Personnel need to be aware of the following medical issues regarding prehospital management of a chemical attack, event recognition, incident medical command and control, safety and protection, decontamination, isolation of the incident area...

Although chemical agents were not employed as offensive weapons during the past war, nevertheless it was imperative to pursue vigorously investigations on the treatment of chemical warfare casualties. Inasmuch as a number of chemical warfare agents contain arsenic, attention was focused on the synthesis of compounds capable of antagonizing the local and systemic effects of arsenical vesicants. ...

The presence of a significant number strike systems high-precision weapons at the enemy causes an urgent need to create effective for protection infrastructural and military facilities. One elements such can be forces means radio-electronic warfare, which will allow carry out protective actions in electromagnetic spectrum. But current conditions resource time limitations, involvement electronic...

It is an axiom of human history that whatever technology is available will be applied in warfare as one side or the other seeks to gain an advantage. Humans are unique among the species in their capacity for fighting prolonged conflicts where the nature of the war reflects the types of technologies available. Stone, metal, leather, wood, domesticated animals, wheels, etc. were each exploited by...

CHEMICAL WARFARE HAS EXisted for millennia. As far back as 1000 BC, the Chinese used arsenical smoke as a weapon. In the last century, chemical agents have been used in warfare on numerous occasions, from World War I to the Iran-Iraq conflict. The world remains vulnerable to the deliberate use of chemical agents as weapons of mass destruction. Chemical attacks can be delivered with almost any t...