Background and aim: The third stage of labour is one of the most troublesome stages of child delivery. The basic principle of the third stage management is administrating prophylactic uterotonics. However, the time of its administration varies in different hospitals. This study aimed to determine the effect of intramuscular oxytocin injection after emergence of the fetal anterior shoulder or pl...

This paper investigates why children work by studying the wage elasticity of child labour supply. It is argued that a negative wage elasticity favours the hypothesis that poverty compels work whereas a positive wage elasticity would favour the alternative view that children work because the relative returns to school are low. Using data for 2400 households in rural Pakistan, we estimate structu...

The paper considers whether letting children combine work and school is a valid and effective approach in Cambodia. Policy makers’ suggestions that child labour should be allowed to some extent due to household poverty appear ungrounded as no significant relation between children’s work and household poverty is found while arranging school timetables flexibly in order to accommodate households’...

Child labour has always been one of the core concerns of the International Labour Organisation (ILO). In this paper, we investigate whether ILO conventions have contributed to reducing the scale of the problem. We use two approaches to answering the question. Evidence based on country-level data shows that, by 1990, countries having ratified ILO conventions were in no different position concern...

While the campaign for universal ratification of the ILO core Conventions has had some very positive results in the South-East Asian subregion, significant gaps remain, as pointed out by the Expert-Advisers on the ILO Declaration. Extensive and deep-rooted problems of lack of freedom of association, forced labour, child labour and discrimination persist. The limitations of operational programme...