growth blood pressure some aspects of pregnancy and childbirth including stimulation of uterine contractions during childbirth breast milk production sex organ functions in both males and females thyroid gland function the conversion of food into energy (metabolism) water and osmolarity regulation in the body water balance via the control of reabsorption of water by the kidneys temperature regu...

Childbirth is one of the most painful phenomena that women will tolerate in their lifetime. Labor pain is recognized as one of the most severe human pain [1,2].Severe pain associated to vaginal delivery can cause abnormal uterine action during labor which might lead to increased medical interventions such as caesarian section (C/S) [3]. According to world health report, the rate of C/S in Iran ...

Pain in labor is a nearly universal experience for childbearing women. A recent evidence-based symposium on the nature and management of labor pain brought together family physicians, obstetricians, midwives, obstetric anesthesiologists, and childbirth educators to discuss a series of commissioned systematic reviews. Although management of labor pain plays a relatively minor role in a woman's s...

BACKGROUND Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) affects 15-24% of women and can have a devastating impact on quality of life. Laparoscopy is often used in the investigation, although in one third of the examinations there is no visible pathology and the women may be dismissed without further investigation. Also, the contribution of skeletal, muscular, periosteal and ligamentous tissues to CPP remains to b...

In this case report we have discussed a parturient patient who had epidural analgesia during childbirth and then presented with back pain 50 days postpartum as well as the causes of postpartum back pain.

A wide variety of pain relief measures are available to women in labor. This retrospective, descriptive survey design study examined which nonpharmacologic pain-relief techniques laboring women use most often and the effectiveness of the chosen techniques. Of the 10 nonpharmacological strategies rated by the sample (N = 46), breathing techniques, relaxation, acupressure, and massage were found ...

abstract background: labor pain is one of the most intense pains experienced by women. different factors including physiological, psychological, socio‑cultural, environmental, and personality‑related factors are relevant to perception of childbirth pain. the negative experience of pain causes mental, psychological problems and influences the relationship between the mother and infant. therefore...