The neuronal K/Cl transporter KCC2 exports chloride ions and thereby influences the efficacy and polarity of GABA signaling in the brain. KCC2 is also critical for dendritic spine morphogenesis and the maintenance of glutamatergic transmission in cortical neurons. Because KCC2 plays a pivotal role in the function of central synapses, it is of particular importance to understand the cellular and...

SINGLE CRYSTALS OF THE NEW TITLE COMPOUND [SYSTEMATIC NAME: 1,4,7,10-tetra-zoniadecane hexa-chloridorhodate(III) chloride], [H(3)N(CH(2))(2)NH(2)(CH(2))(2)NH(2)(CH(2))(2)NH(3)][RhCl(6)]Cl, were obtained from the corresponding amine and rhodium trichloride in hydro-chloric acid solution by slow crystallization under diffusion-controlled conditions at room temperature. Its solid-state structure i...

Chloride induced corrosion of steel reinforcement is the main cause of deterioration of reinforced concrete marine structures. This paper investigates the relative performance of alternative repair options with respect to the deterioration of reinforced concrete bridge elements in marine environments. Focus is placed on the initiation phase of reinforcement corrosion. A laboratory study is desc...

Aqueous chloride solutions are ubiquitous and diverse; systems include sea water, atmospheric droplets, geological processes and biological organisms. However, despite considerable effort, a complete microscopic model of the hydration shell, and local electronic structure of the aqueous chloride ion and its dynamics has not been established. In this work we employ ab initio molecular dynamics t...

Hg/Pt hemispherical ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) (25-microm diameter) were prepared either by electrodeposition from a mercuric ion solution or by simple contact of the Pt disk to a hanging mercury drop electrode. The two methods produced equivalent tips. Optical inspection and electrochemical characterization of these Hg tips with methyl viologen, cobalt sepulchrate trichloride, and hexaminerut...

tin(ii)-ion-selective electrode consisting of dibenzo-18-crown-6 (db18c6) as an ionophore inpvc matrix was developed. the influences of membrane composition, selectivity, response time,reversibility and temperature on the electrode performance were investigated. the electrodeshowed a near nernstian response for sn2+ ions over a concentration range from 1.0× 10-6 – 1.0× 10-2 m with a slope of 27...

changes of ions (na+, cr, k+), osmolarity and water concentration of body tissue, size and number of gill chloride cells as well as mortality percentage of the juveniles caspian roaches in weight groups of0.2, 0.5 & 1g water satiny stress were studied. the salinities tested  were 0 (fesh water), 7, 12.5 & 16g/lit and the assessments were completed 0, 12, 24, 48 & 72 hours after exposure. result...