PREMISE OF THE STUDY High-throughput sequencing of genomic DNA can recover complete chloroplast genome sequences, but the sequence data are usually dominated by sequences from nuclear/mitochondrial genomes. To overcome this deficiency, a simple enrichment method for chloroplast DNA from small amounts of plant tissue was tested for eight plant species including a gymnosperm and various angiosper...

MOTIVATION Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are abundant across genomes. However, the significance of SSRs in organellar genomes of rice has not been completely understood. The availability of organellar genome sequences allows us to understand the organization of SSRs in their genic and intergenic regions. RESULTS We have analyzed SSRs in mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of rice. We ident...

Bupleurum falcatum, which belongs to the family Apiaceae, has long been applied for curative treatments, especially as a liver tonic, in herbal medicine. The chloroplast (cp) genome has been an ideal model to perform the evolutionary and comparative studies because of its highly conserved features and simple structure. The Apiaceae family is taxonomically close to the Araliaceae family and ther...

Complete Populus genome sequences are available for the nucleus (P. trichocarpa; section Tacamahaca) and for chloroplasts (seven species), but not for mitochondria. Here, we provide the complete genome sequences of the chloroplast and the mitochondrion for the clones P. tremula W52 and P. tremula x P. alba 717-1B4 (section Populus). The organization of the chloroplast genomes of both Populus cl...

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The amaranth genus contains many important grain and weedy species. We further our understanding of the genus through the development of a complete reference chloroplast genome. METHODS AND RESULTS A high-quality Amaranthus hypochondriacus (Amaranthaceae) chloroplast genome assembly was developed using long-read technology. This reference genome was used to reconstruct th...

Chloroplasts were once free-living cyanobacteria that became endosymbionts, but the genomes of contemporary plastids encode only approximately 5-10% as many genes as those of their free-living cousins, indicating that many genes were either lost from plastids or transferred to the nucleus during the course of plant evolution. Previous estimates have suggested that between 800 and perhaps as man...

Prokaryotes possess a simple genome transcription system that is different from that of eukaryotes. In chloroplasts (plastids), it is believed that the prokaryotic gene transcription features govern genome transcription. However, the polycistronic operon transcription model cannot account for all the chloroplast genome (plastome) transcription products at whole-genome level, especially regardin...

Microsatellites are a rich and readily assayed source of variation for genetic and evolutionary studies. Recently, simple sequence repeats have been identified in the chloroplast genomes of pine (Powell et al. 1995b) and rice (Provan et al. 1996), and also in the cultivated soybean (Glycine max: Leguminosae) and its wild congeners (Powell et al. 1995a). The chloroplast genome has seen wide use ...

Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.), also known as guar, belongs to the family Leguminosae, and is an annual herbaceous legume. Guar is the main source of galactomannan for gas mining industries. In the present study, the draft chloroplast genome of clusterbean was generated and compared to some of the previously reported legume chloroplast genomes. The chloroplast genome of clusterbean is...

The complete nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast genome of the hardwood species Eucalyptus globulus is presented and compared with chloroplast genomes of tree and non-tree angiosperms and two softwood tree species. The 160,286 bp genome is similar in gene order to that of Nicotiana, with an inverted repeat (IR) (26,393 bp) separated by a large single copy (LSC) region of 89,012 bp and a smal...