Semantic 3D city models describe city entities by objects with thematic and spatial attributes and their interrelationships. Today, more and more cities worldwide are representing their 3D city models according to the CityGML standard issued by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). Various application areas of 3D city models such as urban planning or architecture require that authorities or sta...

There are many methods to create 3D city model, in which the simplest one is to extrude building footprints to obtain “block-shaped” polyhedra representing buildings. While the resulting 3D city models are not topologically consistent, if the 2D topological relationships between the footprints are not taken into account. As a result, the created models only meet the purpose of visualization. In...

One of the simplest methods to construct a 3D city model is to extrude building footprints to obtain “block-shaped” polyhedra representing buildings. While the method is well-known and easy to implement, if the 2D topological relationships between the footprints are not taken into account, the resulting 3D city models will not necessarily be topologically consistent (i.e. primitives shared by 3...

The new OGC standard CityGML defines a standard for ontology of buildings at four different Levels of Detail (LoDs). The building models at different LoDs differ in the complexity and granularity of the geometric representation and the thematic structuring of the models into components with a special semantic meaning. In line with the definition of LoDs this paper addresses the process of autom...

This paper investigates the issues and challenges in using a 3D city model for monitoring flash flood risks Salalah (Oman) designed City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) standards version 2.0. The investigation was made based on fact that 2D 2.5D GIS solutions cannot analyse complex problems inside urban area. Hence, study sought to reduce time effort decision-makers by proposing risk manage...

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Virtual 3D city models are an important data source for an increasing number of applications. Today, most 3D city models are created using data and methods from photogrammetry, remote sensing, and surveying. New applications of 3D city models require additional information about the city objects besides geometry and radiometry. Especially the ontological structure including thematic classes, at...

3D geoinformation has become a base for an increasing number of today's applications. Examples of these applications are: city and urban planning, real estate management, environmental simulation, crisis and disaster management, telecommunication, facility management and others. 3D city models are presently scattered over different public and private sectors in different systems, different conc...