In formal semantics polar interrogatives are often conceived as pairs of a proposition and its negation (Hamblin 1958). While allowing for interesting research, this view lacks plausible cognitive grounding. We therefore propose that propositional contents are represented by pairs of situation tokens and situation types: In positive declaratives the token fits (or fails to fit) the type, in int...

Intonation is one parameter of prosody that gives information on the production aspects of linguistic prosody. The aim of this study was to understand the terminal intonation patterns of different types of sentences in three languages Kannada, Tulu and Konkani. Four simple sentences, one for each sentence type namely, declaratives, exclamatory, interrogatives, and imperatives were taken and rec...

Besides pure declarative arguments, whose premises and conclusions are declaratives (“you sinned shamelessly; so you sinned”), and pure imperative arguments, whose premises and conclusions are imperatives (“repent quickly; so repent”), there are mixed-premise arguments, whose premises include both imperatives and declaratives (“if you sinned, repent; you sinned; so repent”), and cross-species a...

The present paper investigates the production and perception of rising intonation patterns in first language (L1) speakers of Belfast English and native German learners of English with and without previous exposure to the Belfast variety of English (BfE). Whilst there is evidence that Northern Standard German (NSG) predominantly uses falling nuclear pitch patterns in declaratives, Swiss German ...

The present paper compares the rhythmic properties of two contact varieties, Olivenza Portuguese (OP) and Olivenza Spanish (OS), with those of Castilian Spanish (CS). Based on the analysis of a corpus comprising recordings of declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences, we show that OS generally displays intermediate %V, VarcoV, and VnPVI scores between the ones for CS and OP. The grea...

a contractual relationship is commonly based on statements, expectations, acts and omissions out of which some will, and others will not, give rise to contractual obligations. to avoid uncertainty as to what is agreed, the contract parties often enter into a written contract that is supposed to express the final agreement between them and prevent the parties from relying on rights and obligatio...