The evolutionary histories of complex traits are complicated because such traits are comprised of multiple integrated and interacting components, which may have different individual histories. Phylogenetic studies of complex trait evolution often do not take this into account, instead focusing only on the history of whole, integrated traits; for example, mapping eyes as simply present or absent...

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels play a key role in olfactory and visual transduction. Native CNG channels are heteromeric complexes consisting of the principal alpha subunits (CNG1-3), which can form functional channels by themselves, and the modulatory beta subunits (CNG4-5). The individual alpha and beta subunits that combine to form the CNG channels in rod photoreceptors (CNG1 + CNG4)...

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in vertebrate photoreceptors are crucial for transducing light-induced changes in cGMP concentration into electrical signals. In this study, we show that both native and exogenously expressed CNG channels from rods are modulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. The cGMP sensitivity of CNG channels, composed of rod alpha-subunits expressed in Xenopus oocytes, g...

Sensory transduction in olfactory neurons is mediated by intracellular cAMP, which directly gates a nonselective cation channel. A cDNA encoding a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channel subunit (rOCNC1) has been cloned previously from rat olfactory epithelium. However, differences between the functional properties of rOCNC1 and the native olfactory CNG channel suggest that the native channel...

Experimental investigations carried out on a single-cylinder four-stroke motorcycle spark ignition engine operating on gasoline and natural gas are reported in the present paper when compressed natural gas (CNG) and hydrogen were used as fuel. The investigations were carried out by mixing a small percentage of hydrogen (5 to 30%) with CNG and supplied to the engine. Hydrogen and CNG were mixed ...

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels have been characterized as important factors involved in physiological processes including sensory reception for vision and olfaction. The possibility thus exists that a certain CNG channel functions in gustation as well. In the present study, we carried out reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and genomic DNA cloning and characterized a CNG cha...

BACKGROUND The correlation between ALK gene copy number gain (ALK-CNG) and prognosis in the context of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a controversial issue. This study aimed to evaluate the association among ALK-CNG according to Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH), clinical characteristics and survival in resectable and advanced NSCLC. METHODS Clinical and pathologic...

PURPOSE To determine if achromatopsia associated F525N and T383fsX mutations in the CNGB3 subunit of cone photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels increases susceptibility to cell death in photoreceptor-derived cells. METHODS Photoreceptor-derived 661W cells were transfected with cDNA encoding wild-type (WT) CNGA3 subunits plus WT or mutant CNGB3 subunits, and incubated with the m...

Some olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) respond to odors with hyperpolarization. Although transduction for excitatory responses is mediated by opening of a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel, there is controversy on the mechanism underlying inhibitory responses. We find that mouse OSNs respond to odorants by either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing responses in loose-patch measurements. In the p...

Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels are essential in visual and olfactory signal transduction. An additional member of the cGMP-gated channel family, termed CNG-3, has been cloned from bovine kidney. Its deduced amino acid sequence is 60% and 62% identical with the CNG-channel proteins from bovine rod outer segment and bovine olfactory epithelium, respectively. Northern analysis and sequenc...