Modern trends in iron metallurgy. Global carbon emissions from iron production. New solution for iron and steelmaking in a way reduce the CO2 emission to the level, where this might be needed in the post Kyoto period. New blast furnace technology, which operate with very low CO2 emissions based on drastically reduced consumption of carbon containing input materials. Injection of reducing gases ...

The present review covers organic transformations involved in the reduction of CO2 to chemical fuels. In particular, we focus on reactions of CO2 with organic molecules to yield carboxylic acid derivatives as a first step in CO2 reduction reaction sequences. These biomimetic initial steps create opportunities for tandem electrochemical/chemical reductions. We draw parallels between long-standin...

As argued by ‘Declaration of Concrete Environment (2010)’ of Korea and ‘Declaration of Asian Concrete Environment (2011)’ of six Asian countries, concrete as a single material has lately shown extremely large impact on environmental issues such as climate change. Assessment of environmental impact from concrete material and production has considerable importance. Concrete is a major material us...

CuGaS2, (AgInS2)x-(ZnS)2-2x, Ag2ZnGeS4, Ni- or Pb-doped ZnS, (ZnS)0.9-(CuCl)0.1, and ZnGa0.5In1.5S4 showed activities for CO2 reduction to form CO and/or HCOOH in an aqueous solution containing K2SO3 and Na2S as electron donors under visible light irradiation. Among them, CuGaS2 and Ni-doped ZnS photocatalysts showed relatively high activities for CO and HCOOH formation, respectively. CuGaS2 wa...

The operational constraints for a 6-electron/6-proton CO2 reduction system that operates at the concentration of CO2 in the current atmosphere (pCO2 = 400 ppm) have been evaluated on a variety of scale lengths that span from laboratory scale to global scale. Due to the low concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, limitations due to mass transport of CO2 from the tropopause have been evaluated th...

Reducing carbon dioxide with a multicomponent artificial photosynthetic system, closely mimicking nature, represents a promising approach for energy storage. Previous works have focused on exploiting light-harvesting semiconductor nanowires (NW) for photoelectrochemical water splitting. With the newly developed CO2 reduction nanoparticle (NP) catalysts, direct interfacing of these nanocatalysts...

This review summarizes research on the electrochemical and photochemical reduction of CO2 using a variety of iron and cobalt porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and related complexes. Metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines are visible light absorbers with extremely large extinction coefficients. However, yields of photochemically-generated active catalysts for CO2 reduction are typically low owi...

We report a novel system of visible-light-driven CO2 reduction to CO in an aqueous solution, in which DPPC vesicles dispersed in the solution act as a photocatalyst using ascorbate (HAsc(-)) as an electron source. In the vesicles metal complexes [Ru(dtb)(bpy)2](2+) and Re(dtb)(CO)3Cl (dtb = 4,4'-ditridecyl-2,2'-bipyridyl) are incorporated, which act as a photosensitizer and a catalyst for CO2 r...

A series of nickel complexes featuring redox-active macrocycles is reported for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. A remarkable structure-activity relationship is elucidated from the series through electrochemical studies and DFT calculations, wherein a fine electronic balance between metal and ligand redox chemistry dictates selectivity for CO2 reduction versus the competing proton reduction reac...

Selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 (NH3-SCR) has been widely investigated to reduce NOx emissions from combustion processes, which cause environmental challenges. However, most of the current work on NOx reduction has focused on using feed gas without CO2 or containing small amounts of CO2. In the future, oxy-fuel combustion will play an important role for power generation, and this ...