BACKGROUND The frequency of synonymous codon usage varies widely between organisms. Suboptimal codon content limits expression of viral, experimental or therapeutic heterologous proteins due to limiting cognate tRNAs. Codon content is therefore often adjusted to match codon bias of the host organism. Codon content also varies between genes within individual mammalian species. However, little at...

Background Human coagulation factor IX is a 57kDa plasma serine protease made in Liver which plays a vital role in the blood coagulation cascade. FIX deficiency causes severe disorder Hemophilia B or Christmas disease. Nowadays, recombinant proteins have important roles in treatment of diseases. Although, cultivated mammalian cells because of their ability for producing properly folded protein ...

The intrinsic stochasticity of gene expression leads to cell-to-cell variations, noise, in protein abundance. Several processes, including transcription, translation, and degradation of mRNA and proteins, can contribute to these variations. Recent single cell analyses of gene expression in yeast have uncovered a general trend where expression noise scales with protein abundance. This trend is c...

Codon bias refers to the differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA. Pattern of codon and optimum codon utilization is significantly different between the lives. This difference is due to the long term function of natural selection and evolution process. Genetics drift, mutation and regulation of gene expression are the main reasons for codon bias. In this stu...

Quality control systems monitor and stop translation at some ribosomal stalls, but it is unknown if halting translation at such stalls actually prevents synthesis of abnormal polypeptides. In yeast, ribosome stalling occurs at Arg CGA codon repeats, with even two consecutive CGA codons able to reduce translation by up to 50%. The conserved eukaryotic Asc1 protein limits translation through inte...

Regarding high potential of green plants for development of recombinant vaccines, this research was conducted to evaluate expression of a novel recombinant vaccines against Foot and Mouth Disease (FMDV) in tobacco plant. For this purpose, a synthetic gene encoding 129-169 amino acids of foot and mouth disease virus capsid protein VP1 was transferred to tobacco plant via Agrobacterium-mediated g...

The selection of a proper AUG start codon requires the base-pairing interactions between the codon on the mRNA and the anticodon of the initiator tRNA. This selection process occurs in a pre-initiation complex that includes multiple translation initiation factors and the small ribosomal subunit. To study how these initiation factors are involved in start codon recognition in multicellular organ...

The modest correlation between mRNA expression and protein abundance in large-scale data sets is explained in part by experimental challenges, such as technological limitations, and in part by fundamental biological factors in the transcription and translation processes. Among various factors affecting the mRNA-protein correlation, the roles of biological factors related to translation are poor...