In recent years there has been a growing trend of using neural networks for the development of intelligent systems that are able to simulate pattern recognition and object identification. Physical parameters of a coin are the sole criterion that is currently being used for Coin identification by machines. As physical features can easily be easily imitated another criterion which is not based on...

We show how to simulate a roll of a fair n-sided die by one flip of a biased coin with probability 1/n of coming up heads, followed by 3⌊log 2 n⌋+ 1 flips of a fair coin. Let a p-coin be a biased coin with probability p of coming up heads. A fair coin is a (1/2)-coin. A fair n-sided die is a die with n sides, each of which comes up with probability 1/n when the die is rolled. Proposition 1. For...

Though traditionally, stock markets have been the best haven for investors, in recent years the concept of risk has been brought home to investors. With the stock markets crashing from over 11,000 to under 8,000 and then crossing 10,000 in less than three years, many investors are considering non-stock investments as an alternative to traditional equity markets that have been highly volatile in...

We address the problem of Byzantine agreement, to bring processors to agreement on a bit in the presence of a strong adversary. This adversary has full information of the state of all processors, the ability to control message scheduling in an asynchronous model, and the ability to control the behavior of a constant fraction of processors which it may choose to corrupt adaptively. In 1983, Ben-...

• In five bargaining games, proposers could blame unfair proposals on a coin flip. • Responders did not believe that proposers actually let the coin decide. • Responders and third parties were less punitive when the coin was blamed. • People generally refrain from punishing if guilt cannot be proved beyond doubt. • Unwillingness to punish when in doubt could explain the prevalence of hypocrisy....

The automatic identification of coins from photos helps coin experts to accelerate their study of coins and to reduce the associated expenses. To address this challenging problem for numismatic applications, we propose a novel coin identification system that consists of two stages. In the first stage, an active model based segmentation approach extracts precisely the coin from the photo with it...

A new fair electronic cash system is proposed based on group blind signature and secret sharing scheme. Our proposed system is dynamic: we propose a method to delete the dishonest banks that maybe attack the system, which was not mentioned in the previous literatures. Our proposed scheme does not need a trusted third party to trace users: a shop owning suspicious ecoin and the bank having issue...

To strengthen the anonymity of Bitcoin, several centralized coin-mixing providers (mixers) such as BitcoinFog.com, BitLaundry.com, and Blockchain.info assist users to mix Bitcoins through CoinJoin transactions with multiple inputs and multiple outputs to uncover the relationship between them. However, these mixers know the output address of each user, such that they cannot provide true anonymit...